Goniometer

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For other uses, see Goniometer (disambiguation).

Manual (1), and Mitscherlich's optical (2) goniometers for use in crystallography, ~1900
A goniometer is an instrument that either measures angle or allows an object to be rotated to a precise angular position. The term goniometry is derived from two Greek words, gonia, meaning angle and metron, meaning measure.
Contents
1 Types
1.1 Audio
1.2 Communications
1.3 Crystallography
1.4 Physical therapy
1.5 Surface science
1.5.1 Static Contact Angle
1.5.2 Advancing and Receding Contact Angles
1.5.3 Surface Tension
1.6 Positioning
1.7 Knife and blade cutting edge angle measurement
2 References
3 See also
4 External links
//
Types
There are many types of goniometers, each specialised for its particular application.
Audio
Main article: Goniometer (audio)
An audio goniometer is used to see the amount of stereo in a signal.
Communications
Goniometers are used for direction finding in signals intelligence applications for military and civil purposes[1], e.g. interception of satellite and naval communications as performed on the French warship Dupuy de L?me uses multiple goniometers.
Crystallography

A goniometer for crystallography
In crystallography, goniometers are used for measuring angles between crystal faces. They are also used in X-ray diffraction to rotate the samples. The groundbreaking investigations of physicist Max von Laue and cohorts into the atomic structure of crystals in 1912 involved a goniometer.
Physical therapy
In occupational therapy and physical therapy, a goniometer is an instrument which measures an axis and range of motion. If a patient or client is suffering from decreased range of motion in a joint (i.e. a knee or elbow), the therapist can use a goniometer to assess what the range of motion is prior to intervention, and then make sure the intervention is working by using the goniometer in subsequent interventions.
Surface science

Surface scientists use contact angle goniometers to measure surface energy and surface tension.
In surface science, an instrument generally called a contact angle goniometer is used to measure the static contact angle, advancing & receding contact angles, and surface tension. The first contact angle goniometer was designed by Dr. William Zisman of the United States Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC and manufactured by ram-hart (now ram-hart instrument company), New Jersey, USA. The original manual contact angle goniometer used an eyepiece with microscope. The current generation of contact angle instruments uses cameras and software to capture and analyze the drop shape and are better suited for dynamic and advanced studies. A Gonioreflectometer is used to measure the reflectivity of a surface at a variety of angles.
Static Contact Angle

A liquid droplet rests on a solid surface and is surrounded by gas. The contact angle, ?C, is the angle formed by a liquid at the three phase boundary where the liquid, gas, and solid intersect.
The contact angle, ?, is the angle formed by a liquid at the three phase boundary where the liquid, gas, and solid intersect. The contact angle depends on the interfacial tensions between the gas & liquid, liquid & solid, and gas & solid. Young鎶� Relation expresses the contact angle analytically[2].

where
= Interfacial tension between the solid and gas
= Interfacial tension between the solid and liquid
= Interfacial tension between the liquid and gas
Contact angle goniometers measure a droplet鎶� contact angle by assuming the droplet fits the geometry of a sphere, ellipsoid, or the Young-Laplace equation.
Another perspective that describes contact angles uses cohesion VS adhesion. Cohesion is the force between the liquid molecules which hold the liquid together. Adhesion is the force between the liquid molecules and the solid molecules. The contact angle is a quantitative measure that tells the user the ratio of cohesion VS adhesion. If the contact angle is near zero, meaning the liquid droplet spreads completely on the solid surface, adhesive forces are dominating. If the contact angle is very high, meaning the liquid droplet beads up on the solid surface as water does on a freshly waxed car, cohesive forces are dominating.
Advancing and Receding Contact Angles
While static contact angles give static information about the interfacial tensions between the solid, liquid, and gas, advancing and receding contact angles give some information about the dynamic interaction of the liquid, solid, and gas. An advancing contact angle is determined by pushing a droplet out of a pipette onto a solid. When the liquid initially meets the...(and so on)

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