Idling current

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Idling current refers to the current trickling through a circuit (or more commonly through transistors) such as an amplifier when the system is on, but doing no useful work. This is also known as quiescent current.
Many electrical appliances including computer and television peripherals, (printers, scanners, DVD players, receivers, etc.), continue to use energy, even after they are apparently turned off. While the button may indicate off, in reality, the device may be in a standby mode, and may draw anything from 0% to 100% of on power 24/7.
Contents
1 Amount of standby power
2 Uses of standby power
3 Controlling standby power
4 External links
//
Amount of standby power
The amount of standby power wasted in each nation is unclear due to lack of studies conducted. Estimates vary significantly, and those with a political agenda can be based on quite unrealistic figures. Alan Meier, an energy analyst who helped raise awareness about the problem while at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California, estimates that residential consumers in the United States spend more than $5 billion annually on standby power -- about 5 percent of all electricity consumed in the country (Woods, 2005).
Uses of standby power
Some standby power is necessary and useful, but its use has exploded since 1968 on the consumer electronics scene with the introduction of instant-on televisions. Earlier TVs took anything up to half a minute for the picture to appear as the picture tube warmed up, and valve sets also took several seconds for audio to appear. Standby power has sometimes been used to permit instant-on picture and sound, but in most cases quick picture appearance is due to the improved design of modern equipment.
Some standby power is useful to:
keep remote controllable appliances such as TVs, VCRs, DVD players etc able to receive remote control instructions.
allow security alarms to remain on alert.
allow some refrigerators to use electronic temperature sensors to improve temperature accuracy and thus energy consumtpion a little.
keep batteries in cell phones and camcorders fully charged
light up the time display on microwave ovens, videos etc
Controlling standby power
Most standby power is a waste, consuming energy for no useful task. The reason for such consumption comes down to cost. Additional switching & control, and power supply efficiency do not come for free. In many cases the resulting power consumption is wasteful, but in some the additional cost and power used to add further control would be greater than the power saved by the appliance in use.
Growing consumer awareness of standby power has led to the marketing of devices that can switch off the standby power consumption of products designed to remain on. Such products include
Beamingsun's USB Ecostrip which allows the user to effectively control when peripheral devices power off by using patented USB technology.
OneClickPower's smart surge protector with outlets for a computer, monitor, printer, scanner and other devices. Its circuitry senses when the devices go into a standby mode and automatically disconnects them (?29.95).
the Smart Strip which monitors power consumption and can sense the difference between when computers and other devices are on or off. Upon figuring this out, it shuts off the power, eliminating the idling current drawn from them (US $32-$35).
the Wattstopper which has six outlets controlled by occupancy and two outlets which are always on, and use a motion detector to monitor and manage energy use. Devices plugged into the controlled outlets are turned on and off based on occupancy, or the fact that they're currently using energy.
The "Personal Sensor" connects to the power strip, and automatically turns power to all connected devices on when the accessories and peripherals are in use. These devices will turn off after they go idle and the user-defined time delay elapses (anywhere from 30 seconds to 30 minutes) (US $90). (Dunn, 2005)
These products use idle current themselves, check to see what it is before buying. You don't want to pay for more standby power after buying an energy saving device. An example the Smart Strip uses only .28 watts of standby power. (note: I'm the engineer for this product)
External links
Dunn, Collin, 2005 Smart Power strips: Helping to Stop Idle Current Now!
Woods, Michael. 2005. ulling the Plug on Electricity Leaks. Post-Gazette. Com: Business News. May 08
Categories: Electrical parameters | Energy conservation | Electrical circuits
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Boucheron

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Its neutrality is disputed. Tagged since February 2008.
Its factual accuracy is disputed. Tagged since February 2008.

A typical Boucheron boutique
Boucheron is a French jewellery house.
Gemology and Jewelry portal
Contents
1 History
1.1 Timeline
1.2 Boucheron today
2 Products
3 Boucheron International Rating of Diamonds
4 Vertu mobile phone
5 Retail
6 References
6.1 Boucheron and the stars
7 External links
//
History

Fric Boucheron
The House of Boucheron is French family dynasty founded by Frederic Boucheron in 1858. Four generations of the Boucheron family helped the brand become a worldwide leader in the High Jewelry market,[citation needed] expanding the brand to the four corners of the globe.
Frederic Boucheron was the first jeweler to move to Place Vendome, which he did in 1893. Legend has it that he chose 26 Place Vendome, where Boucheron remains to this day, because it was the sunniest corner of the square.[citation needed] He believed that the diamonds in the windows would sparkle all the more brilliantly.
Czar Alexander III was a client, as was his son, the doomed Nicholas II. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother was especially fond of her Boucheron tiara which she inherited from Lady Greville,[citation needed] who originally purchased it from the House. Her grandson Prince Charles passed the tiara onto his wife Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall as a wedding gift. Queen Elizabeth of England also has a collection of Boucheron jewels as did Wallis Simpson the Duchess of Windsor.
American royalty are also collectors of Boucheron creations. Household names like the Astors, the Vanderbilts and the Rockefellers have returned again and again to the House of Boucheron for exceptional pieces of High Jewelry. One American bride to be, Mary Ethel Burns, in preparation of becoming Lady Harcourt, turned to Boucheron to create the jewelry for her wedding trousseau. After her marriage Lady Harcourt was a faithful Boucheron client commissioning a number of pieces, including tiaras, necklaces and bracelets throughout her lifetime.
Actors royalty and artists have also been fans of Boucheron since it opened its doors 150 years ago. Caroline Otero, the temptresses known as La Belle Otero, when she was a cabaret dancer at the turn of the 19th century was a Boucheron enthusiast as was the famed theater actress Sarah Bernhardt and the writers Oscar Wilde and Marcel Proust. While film stars including Greta Garbo, Rita Hayworth, Marlene Dietrich also bejeweled themselves with Boucheron. More recently celebrities like Eva Longoria, Nicole Kidman, Penelope Cruz, Cameron Diaz, Kristin Scott Thomas, Rachel Weisz and Diane Kruger have all come under the Boucheron spell of spectacular creations.
With a clientele of movie-stars writers, artists, maharajahs and magnates Boucheron has always appealed famous people.[citation needed] Patrons of the company have included Royalty: Maharajah Sir Bhupindar Singh of Patiala, Riza Shah Pahlavi, Czar Alexander III, Queen Farida of Egypt, Queen Rania of Jordan. Affluent American families: The Astors, the Vanderbilts and the Rockefellers. As well as film stars: Greta Garbo, Rita Hayworth, Marlene Dietrich and more recently Nicole Kidman, Penope Cruz, Michelle Yeoh, Cameron Diaz., Rachel Weisz and Diane Kruger.
Timeline
1858- Frederic Boucheron opens his first store in the Galerie de Valois, at Palais Royal, during the heyday of the Second Empire.
1866- Boucheron creates its atelier.
1867- Paris Universal Exhibition: Frederic Boucheron wins his first Gold Medal only 9 years after opening his first boutique.
1878- Paris Universal Exhibition: The Foliage necklace, a sapphire and diamond set with a central sapphire of 159 carats, created for Mrs. H. Mackay, wins the Grand Prize.
1883- The Russian Prince Felix Youssoupoff purchases a corsage decorated with 6 detachable diamond bows during one of his visits to Paris.
1893- Frederic Boucheron moves to 26 Place Vendome in the residence of the Countess of Castiglione. He opens the largest boutique on the square.
1898- Boucheron opens a store in Moscow, later transferred to St. Petersburg in 1911.
1902- Frederic Boucheron dies, his son Louis succeeds him
1921- Boucheron is commissioned to make a tiara for Lady Greville; it was later given to England Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother.
1928- Louis Boucheron is asked by the Maharajah of Patiala to set the stones of his treasure, which are brought to the Place Vendome boutique by the private guards of the prince.
1930- The Shah of Iran asks Louis Boucheron to assess the Imperial Treasure of Persia and issues a decree naming him Official Curator and Guardian of the Treasure.
1959- Louis Boucheron dies, leaving his sons Fred and Gerard in...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about nokia n99 phones, cellular phones gsm, . The White Topaz products should be show more here!

Bletilla

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Bletilla
Bletilla striata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Orchidaceae
Subfamily:
Epidendroideae
Tribe:
Arethuseae
Subtribe:
Bletiinae
Alliance:
Calanthe
Genus:
BletillaRchb.f.
Species
Bletilla ochracea
Bletilla striata - Chinese ground orchid, hardy orchid
etc.
Bletilla is a temperate, terrestrial genus of orchids containing 9 species distributed through China, Japan and Taiwan and Vietnam. The name is actually a diminutive of Bletia because of the resemblance between the two genera even though Bletia is a New World genus. The genera Jimensia Raf. and Polytoma Lour. ex Gomes are generally included into Bletilla. This genus is abbreviated Ble in trade journals.
The pseudobulbs resemble spreading corms which usually sit at ground level. Each pseudobulb generally bears several pleated leaves around 40cm long. The racemes of flowers emerge from the center of the years new growth before it is mature, during spring and early summer. The flowers vary in colour from white to purple, and all species have four pollinia. The tubers resemble a horn or claw. They are grayish-white or yellowish-white in appearance, with concentric rings and brown rootlets. They have a hard texture and do not break easily.

Bletilla striata flower

Bletilla ochracea flower
Bletilla species are generally hardy, though some need protection from severe frost. It is better to keep them in pots of well drained media so that water does not sit around the roots during winter when the plants are not actively growing. They should also be watered sparingly at the start of the growing season as the new shoots emerge, as new roots often do not follow for around four weeks afterwards.
Bletilla striata is the most common form found in the nursery trade and is often labeled simply as 'Hardy Orchid' or 'Chinese Ground Orchid' and is quite inexpensive. This beautiful and hardy deciduous orchid has the distinction of being one of the first orchids in cultivation in England dating from around 1794. The very flat knob-like tuberous root system is typically sympodial, expansive and each shoot is of annual duration only. On established plants, almost every new growth shoot has a flower spike before leaves fully develop. Each shoot can have up to fourteen beautiful rose-mauve flowers with a ruffled lip about 30mm diameter, scentless and looking something like a miniature Cattleya orchid flower. An established clump can have literally dozens of flower spikes flowering in the late Spring and the clumps only increase in beauty with time. They rarely exceed two feet in height.
The flowers and leaves are at the mercy of late frosts, which are to be avoided if at all possible with coverings of a sheet or newspapers. Resist the temptation to remove the mulch layer even if the new growths are raising up the mulch due to an early Spring, unless no more frosts are likely. Unlike most tropical orchids, B. striata has attractive foliage even when not flowering. The pleated, tapered foliage looks very similar to the juvenile leaves of many palm species. A well established clump of these in flower is quite beautiful and they are surprisingly hardy even into USDA Zone 5 with a heavy mulch. They easily succeed in USDA Zone 6 with only a moderate mulch of straw or leaves. These hardiness ratings only apply to plants in the ground with the idea of preventing the actual root system from being frozen. If potted, they should be placed in a frost-free location if winter temperatures go below freezing. The plant is generally considered hardy without a mulch if minimum winter temperatures do not go below 25.
They have a great reputation of being the absolute easiest orchid for a beginner to grow. Unlike most tropical epiphytic orchids, this plant comes from somewhat temperate zones and grows in soil rather than on trees and require no extraordinary care to grow successfully. They prefer well drained evenly moist soils that are high in organic material and that never dry out nor remain sodden. They are sympodial growers and will form handsome clumps in only a few years. Other species and hybrids are occasionally available, the most common being B. striata var. alba, a white variation of the rose-mauve B. striata. Bletilla ochracea, a somewhat rare species from China has unusual flowers with yellow sepals and petals with a red-marked white lip and is becoming more available to collectors. Bletilla Penway Dragon (formosana X szetschuaunica) is one of the exciting new hybrids that promises to become popular with collectors as it becomes more available.
Contents
1 Medicinal Uses
2 Literature
3 List of species
4 External links
//
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Mylenium Tour

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Mylium Tour
Live album by Myle Farmer
Released
2000(2000)
Recorded
Paris
Genre
Pop-Rock
Label
Polydor
Producer
Laurent Boutonnat
Myle Farmer chronology
Innamoramento(1999)
Mylium Tour(2000)
Les Mots(2001)
Alternate cover

Collector edition - Statue
Singles from Mylenium Tour
"Dessine-moi un mouton"Released: December 5, 2000
Mylium Tour is the third live album by Myle Farmer, released on December 5, 2000.
Contents
1 Background
2 Chart performances
3 Singles
4 Formats
5 Track listing
6 Credits and personnel
7 Certifications and sales
8 Charts
9 References
//
Background
After having ending her third successful tour whose last shows were held in Russia in March 7, 2000, Farmer rested, and then decided to release an album and a DVD retracing her concert. With Bertrand Chatenet, she participated in the audio mixing of the live album and also worked on the bonus available on the DVD. The album, whose release was originally scheduled for September, was finally marketed on December 4, after several postponements, since its preparation needed a lot of time. The day before, the Fnac and Virgin stores of the Champs-Elyss organized a special evening by opening at midnight to allow fans to purchase the various supports of the album and the only single "Dessine-moi un mouton" which was released at the same time.
The album privileges the songs from the previous studio album "Innamoramento", but also contains some songs from "Anamorphos" and "L'Autre...", and two B-sides. A medley composed of 1980s four hits of the first two albums is also available on the album.
Arranged by Yvan Cassar and produced by Fran?ois Hanss, Mylenium Tour is the only album, which was not produced by Laurent Boutonnat.
Chart performances
In France, the CD went straight to number one on French Albums Chart, on December 9, 2000. It was dethroned the week after, but managed to stay on the top ten for 11 weeks. It disappeared from the chart (Top 200) on September 8, 2001, after its 31st week of attendance. On September 26, 2001, the album was certified Double platinum album for a minimum of 600,000 sales. It peaked respectively at #17 (it was released only three weeks before the end of the year) and #39 on 2000 and 2001 French Albums Charts. Although it was a little less sold than Live Bercy released three years before, Mylenium Tour remains one of the best-selling live albums in France.The VHS and the DVD, also released in December 2000, were both certified Diamond videos for more than 100,000 copies sold (350,000 sales).
In Belgium (Wallonia), the album entered the chart on December 16, 2000, at #14. It reached then #8, its highest position, but immediately left the top ten and remained on the chart (Top 50) for 13 weeks. It was ranked #68 on 2000 End of the Year Chart. On the chart edition of April 30, 2005, the album re-appeared for a single week, at #50, thanks to the release of Avant que l'ombre....
In Switzerland, the album achieved a minor success: it peaked at #31, on December 17, 2000, then kept on dropping and remained for seven weeks in the top 50 and for 12 weeks in the top 100.
Singles
Year
Title
Date of release
Physical sales(France)
Certification
Peak position
FR
BE (WA)
FR
BE (WA)
SWI
2000
"Dessine-moi un mouton"
December 5, 2000
80,000
6
11
59
Formats
Audio
Double CD - Brass case
Double CD - Collector edition with additional photos (30,000)
Double CD - Promo
Double CD - Promo - Statue
Triple 12"
Cassette - Double length1
Double CD - Crystal case - Canada
1 Doesn't contain "Il n'y a pas d'ailleurs", "Myle Is Calling" and "California"
Video
VHS
Plastic case with golden border
Plastic case with dark golden border
DVD
Track listing
Audio album
CD 1
"Mylenium" (6:10)
"L'Amour naissant" (5:28)
"L'?me-stram-gram" (6:00)
"Beyond My Control" (5:18)
"Rer" (5:56)
"Il n'y a pas d'ailleurs" (5:19)
"Myle Is Calling" (2:15)
"Optimistique-moi" (4:36)
"Medley": "Pourvu qu'elles soient douces" / "Libertine" / "Maman a tort" / "Sans contrefa?on" (6:48)
"Regrets" (5:12)
CD 2
"Denchant" (7:12)
"Mie-toi" (5:40)
"Dessine-moi un mouton" (4:50)
"California" (5:27)
"Pas le temps de vivre" (8:28)
"Je te rends ton amour" (5:15)
"Souviens-toi du jour" (7:47)
"Dernier Sourire" (4:53)
"Innamoramento" (6:13)
VHS / DVD
"Mylenium" (6:40)
"L'Amour naissant" (5:26)
"L'?me-stram-gram" (5:43)
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Julie Dash

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Julie Dash (born October 22, 1952 in Long Island City, Queens, New York) is a United States filmmaker. Her Daughters of the Dust in 1991 was the first full-length film with general theatrical release in the United States by an African American woman. Daughters of the Dust was included in the National Film Registry in 2004. She is an honorary member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated.
Julie Dash was named a 2007 USA Rockefeller Foundation Fellow and awarded a $50,000 grant by United States Artists, a public charity that supports and promotes the work of American artists.
Contents
1 Filmography
2 Literature
3 See also
4 External links
//
Filmography
Director
Making Angels (2008)
The Scarapist (2008)
Brothers of the Borderland (2004)
The Rosa Parks Story (2002) (TV)
Love Song (2000) (TV)
Incognito (1999) (TV)
Funny Valentines (1999) (TV)
SUBWAYStories: Tales from the Underground (1997) (TV) (segment "Sax Cantor Riff")
... aka Subway (UK: DVD box title)
"Women: Stories of Passion" (1 episode, 1997); Grip Till It Hurts (1997) TV Episode
Praise House (1991)
Daughters of the Dust (1991)
Illusions (1982)
Diary of an African Nun (1977)
Four Women (1975)
Working Models of Success (1973)
Writer
SUBWAYStories: Tales from the Underground (1997) (TV) (segment "Sax Cantor Riff")
... aka Subway (UK: DVD box title)
"Women: Stories of Passion" (1 episode, 1997); Grip Till It Hurts (1997) TV Episode (teleplay)
Daughters of the Dust (1991)
Illusions (1982)
Literature
Julie Dash, Bell Hooks, Toni Cade Bambara, Daughters of the Dust: The Making of an African American Woman's Film, New Press 1992
See also
Women's Cinema
External links
Bibliography of books and articles about Julie Dashvia UC Berkeley Media Resources Center
Sisters in Cinema
Geechee Girls Multimedia
Rockefeller Foundation Fellows 2007
United States Artists arts advocacy organization.

This African American-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Categories: 1952 births | Living people | African American film directors | Female film directors | American film directors | English-language film directors | University of California, Los Angeles alumni | People from Queens | People from New York City | United States film director stubs | African American stubs(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about car monitor dvd, digital portable players, . The Dynamo AM / FM Torch Radio products should be show more here!

PCV valve

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The Positive Crankcase Ventilation valve, or PCV valve, is a one-way valve that ensures continual evacuation of gases from inside a gasoline internal combustion engine's crankcase.
Contents
1 Explanation
2 History
3 PCV system
4 PCV valve
5 Operation
//
Explanation
As an engine runs, high-pressure gases are contained within the combustion chamber and prevented from passing into the crankcase (containing the crankshaft and other parts) between the side of the piston and the cylinder bore by piston rings which seal against the cylinder. However, some amount of gas always leaks past the piston rings into the crankcase. This amount is very small in a new or properly rebuilt engine, provided that the piston rings and cylinder walls are correctly "broken in", and increases as the engine wears. Scratches on the cylinder walls or piston rings, such as those caused by foreign objects entering the engine, can cause large amounts of leakage. This leaked gas is known as blow-by because the pressure within the cylinders blows it by the piston rings. If this blow-by gas could not escape then pressure would build up within the crankcase.
Before the invention of Crankcase Ventilation in 1928 the engine oil seals were designed to withstand this pressure, oil leaking to the ground was accepted and the dipstick was screwed in. The hydrocarbon rich gas would then diffuse through the oil in the seals into the atmosphere. It is therefore an emissions requirement as well as a functional necessity that the crankcase has a ventilation system. This must maintain the crankcase at slightly less than atmospheric pressure and recycle the blow-by gas back into the engine intake. However, due to the constant circulation of the oil within the engine, along with the high speed movement of the crankshaft, an oil mist is also passed through the PCV system and into the intake. The oil is then either burnt during combustion or settles along the intake tract, causing a gradual build-up of residue inside the inlet path. For this reason many engine tuners choose to replace the PCV system with an oil catch can and breather filter which vents the blow-by gases directly to atmosphere and retains the oil in a small tank (or returns it to the sump), although this technically fails to meet most engine emission legislation.
History
Prior to the early 1960s, automobile gasoline engines vented combustion gases directly to the atmosphere through a simple vent tube. Frequently this consisted of a pipe (the "road draft tube") that extended out from the crankcase down to the bottom of the engine compartment. The bottom of the pipe was open to the atmosphere, and was placed such that when the car was in motion a slight vacuum would be hopefully obtained, helping to extract combustion gases as they collected in the crankcase. The oil mist would also be discharged, resulting in an oily film being deposited in the middle of each travel lane on heavily-used roads. The system was not positive though, as gases could travel both ways, or not move at all, dependent on conditions. Most modern diesel engines still use this type of system to dispose of crankcase fumes. During World War II however, a different type of crankcase ventilation had to be invented to allow tank engines to operate during deep fording operations, where the normal draft tube ventilator would have allowed water to enter the crankcase and destroy the engine. The PCV system and its control valve were invented to meet this need but the need for it on automobiles was not recognized.
In 1952, Professor A. J. Haagen-Smit, of the California Institute of Technology at Pasadena, postulated that unburned hydrocarbons were a primary constituent of smog, and that gasoline powered automobiles were a major source of those hydrocarbons. After some investigation by the GM Research Laboratory (Dr. LLoyd L. Withrow) it was discovered in 1958 that the road draft tube was a major source, about half, of the hydrocarbons coming from the automobile. GM's Cadillac Division, which had built many tanks during WWII, recognized that the simple PCV valve could be used to become the first major reduction in automotive hydrocarbon emissions. After confirming the PCV valves' effectiveness at hydrocarbon reduction, GM offered the PCV solution to the entire U.S. automobile industry, royalty free, through its trade association, the Automobile Manufacturers Association (AMA). In the absence of any legislated requirement, the AMA members agreed to put it on all California cars voluntarily in the early 1960s, with national application following one year later.
Following its introduction into production, several years later the PCV became the subject of a Federal grand jury investigation in 1967, when it was alleged by some industry critics that the AMA was conspiring to keep several such smog reduction devices like the PCV on the shelf...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about 250cc motor scooters, butter making machine, . The Practice Drum, Silent Pad & Muffle Heads Set products should be show more here!

Car wash

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For other uses, see Car wash (disambiguation).
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page.

Studio City Hand Car Wash, Studio City, California
A car wash is a facility used to clean the exterior and, in some cases, the interior of motor vehicles. While there are many different types of car washes, most in the US fall into three main categories:
Self-service facilities, that are generally coin-operated, where the customer does the washing
In-bay automatics, which consist of an automatic machine that rolls back and forth over a stationary vehicle - often seen in service station washes
Tunnel washes, which use a conveyor to move the vehicle through a series of fixed cleaning mechanisms.
Mechanized car washes, especially those with brushes, were once avoided by some meticulous car owners because of the risk of damaging the finish. Paint finishes have improved as have car washing processes, and this perception of vehicle damage is much less today. It was, however, the motivation behind the rise of the "brushless" (cloth), "touch-free" (high-pressure water), and most recently, brushes which are made of closed cell foam, car wash facility.
In a modern car wash facility, whether automatic, in-bay automatic or self-serve, soaps and other cleaning solutions used are based on milder acids and alkalies designed to loosen and eliminate dirt and grime. This is in contrast to earlier times, when hydrofluoric acid, a hazardous chemical, was commonly used as a cleaning agent in the industry. There has been a strong move in the industry to shift to safer cleaning solutions. Most car wash facilities are required by law to treat and/or reuse their water and may be required to maintain waste-water discharge permits, in contrast to unregulated facilities or even driveway washing where waste-water can end up in the storm drain and, eventually, in streams, rivers and lakes.
Contents
1 Self-serve car wash
2 Automatic car wash
3 Bikini car wash
4 Environmental factors
5 See also
6 External links
//
Self-serve car wash

A multi-bay self-service car wash, with an automatic "touchless" bay at the far left and manual bays on the right.
A simple and automated type of car wash that is typically coin-operated or token-operated self-service system. Newer self-service car washes offer the ability to pay with credit cards. The vehicle is parked inside a large bay that is equipped with a trigger gun and wand (sprayer) and a scrub foam-brush. When customers insert coins or tokens into the controller, they can choose options such as soap, tire cleaner, wax or rinse all dispensed from the sprayer, or scrub the vehicle with the foam-brush. The number of coins or tokens inserted determines the amount of time customers have to operate the equipment, however in most instances, a minimum number of coins are necessary to start the equipment. These facilities are often equipped with separate vacuum stations that allow customers to clean the upholstery and rugs inside their cars. Some self-service car washes offer hand-held dryers, a somewhat new feature.
Automatic car wash

Rotating brushes inside a conveyor car-wash.
The first conveyorized automatic car washes appeared in the mid 1940s. Conveyorized automatic car washes consist of tunnel-like bays into which customers drive their cars. Some car washes, following the exterior express trend, allow their customers to pay through a computerized POS, or point of sale unit, also known as an "automatic cashier", which in many cases may take the place of a greeter. The mechanism inputs the wash PLU into a master computer or a tunnel controller automatically. When the sale is automated, after paying the car is put into a line-up often called the stack or queue. The stack moves sequentially, so the wash knows what each car purchased. After pulling up to the tunnel, an attendant usually guides the customer onto the track or conveyor. At some washes, both tires will pass over a tire sensor, and the system will send several rollers. The tire sensor lets the wash know where the wheels are and how far apart they are. On other systems, however, the employee may have to guide the customer on and hit the 'Send Car' button on the tunnel controller.
While on the conveyor or track, the attendant will usually ask the customer to put his or her vehicle into neutral, release all brakes, and refrain from steering. Failure to do so will inhibit the conveyor. The rollers catch the tires, pushing the car through a photo eye or magnetic loop detector, which measures vehicle length, allowing the controller to tailor the wash to each individual vehicle. The equipment frame, or arches, vary in...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about throwback football jersey, ipod mini housing, . The Diseqc Satellite Switch products should be show more here!

Head end power

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It has been suggested that Hotel Electric Power be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)
Head end power (HEP) or electric train supply (ETS) is a rail transport term for the electrical power distribution system on a passenger train. The power source, usually a locomotive at the front or ead of a train or a generator car, generates all the electricity used for lighting, electrical and other "hotel" needs. The maritime equivalent is Hotel Electric Power (HEP).
Contents
1 UK
1.1 Electric Train Heat (ETH) and Electric Train Supply (ETS)
2 USA
3 Engine
3.1 Separate engines
3.2 Locomotive prime mover
4 Electrical loading
5 Alternatives
6 References
7 External links
//
UK
Originally, trains hauled by a steam locomotive would be provided with a supply of steam from the locomotive's boiler for heating the carriages. When diesel locomotives and electric locomotives replaced steam, the steam heating was then supplied by a steam-heat boiler. This was oil-fired (in diesel locomotives) or heated by an electric element (in electric locomotives). Oil-fired steam-heat boilers were appallingly unreliable. They caused more locomotive failures on any class to which they were fitted than any other system or component of the locomotive, and this was a major incentive to adopt a more reliable method of carriage heating.
At this time, lighting was powered by batteries which were charged by a dynamo underneath each carriage when the train was in motion, and buffet cars would use bottled gas for cooking and water heating.
On modern Diesel multiple unit trains, such as the Virgin Trains Voyager, the engine mounted below each vehicle provides power for that vehicle.
Electric Train Heat (ETH) and Electric Train Supply (ETS)
Later diesels and electric locomotives were equipped with Electric Train Heating (ETH) apparatus, which supplied electrical power to the carriages to run electric heating elements installed alongside the steam-heat apparatus, which was retained for use with older locomotives. Later carriage designs abolished the steam-heat apparatus, and made use of the ETH supply not only for heating, but also to power lighting, ventilation, air conditioning, fans, sockets and kitchen equipment in the train. In recognition of this ETH was eventually renamed Electric Train Supply (ETS).
Each coach has an index relating to the maximum consumption of electricity that that coach could use. The sum of all the indices must not exceed the index of the locomotive. One "ETH index unit" equals 5kW; a locomotive with an ETH index of 95 can supply 475kW of electrical power to the train.
USA
During the age of steam, cars were heated by low pressure saturated steam supplied by the locomotive. Electricity for car lighting and ventilation was derived from batteries charged by axle-driven generators on each car or from engine-generator sets mounted under the carbody.
The first advance over this system was developed on the Boston and Maine Railroad, which had placed a number of steam locomotives and passenger cars into dedicated commuter service in Boston. It was discovered that due to the low average speeds and frequent stops characteristic of commuter operation, axle generators did not produce enough output to keep the batteries adequately charged, resulting frequent passenger complaints about lighting and ventilation failures. In response, the railroad fitted higher capacity generators to the locomotives assigned to pull these trains and arranged electrical connections to transmit the generators' output back to the cars. The cars still depended on steam from the locomotive for heating.
When Diesel locomotives were introduced to passenger service, they were equipped with steam generators to provide steam for car heating. However, the use of axle generators and batteries persisted for many years. This started to change in the late 1950s, during which time the Chicago and North Western Railway removed the steam generators from their EMD F7 and E8 locomotives in commuter service and installed Diesel generator sets. This was a natural evolution, as their commuter trains were already receiving low voltage, low amperage power from the locomotives to assist axle generators in maintaining battery charge. In some cases, commuter cars were equipped with propane engine-powered air conditioning. The resulting separate systems of lighting power, steam heat, and engine-driven air conditioning increased the maintenance workload, as well as parts proliferation, thus leading to the full-scale adoption of HEP, where a single power source would handle all these functions.
While commuter fleets were quickly converted to HEP, long distance trains continued to operate with steam heat and battery-powered electrical systems. This gradually changed following the transfer of intercity...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about tooth brush sponge, slim solar charger, . The World Card Office Scanner products should be show more here!

Woodblock printing

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Part of the series on theHistory of printing
Woodblock printing
200
Movable type
1040
Intaglio
1430s
Printing press
1454
Lithography
1796
Chromolithography
1837
Rotary press
1843
Flexography
1873
Mimeograph
1876
Hot metal typesetting
1886
Offset press
1903
Screen-printing
1907
Dye-sublimation
1957
Phototypesetting
1960s
Photocopier
1960s
Pad printing
1960s
Laser printer
1969
Dot matrix printer
1970
Thermal printer
Inkjet printer
1976
3D printing
1986
Stereolithography
1986
Digital press
1993
v?d?e
For the use of the technique in art, see Woodcut on the technique, and Old master print for the history in Europe and woodblock printing in Japan.
Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text, images or patterns used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later paper. As a method of printing on cloth, the earliest surviving examples from China date to before 220, and from Egypt to the 4th century.[1] Ukiyo-e is the best known type of Japanese woodblock art print. Most European uses of the technique on paper are covered by the art term woodcut, except for the block-books produced mainly in the fifteenth century.
Contents
1 Technique
2 Development of block printing
3 Early Books
4 Woodblock printing in Eurasia
5 Block-books in fifteenth century Europe
6 Colour
7 Japan
8 Further development of woodblock printing in East Asia
9 On materials other than paper
10 See also
11 References
12 External sources
13 External links
//
Technique
The wood block is prepared as a relief matrix, which means the areas to show 'white' are cut away with a knife, chisel, or sandpaper leaving the characters or image to show in 'black' at the original surface level. The block was cut along the grain of the wood. It is only necessary to ink the block and bring it into firm and even contact with the paper or cloth to achieve an acceptable print. The content would of course print "in reverse" or mirror-image, a further complication when text was involved. The art of carving the woodcut is technically known as xylography, though the term is rarely used in English.
For colour printing, multiple blocks are used, each for one colour, although overprinting two colours may produce further colours on the print. Multiple colours can be printed by keying the paper to a frame around the woodblocks.
There are three methods of printing to consider:
Stamping
Used for many fabrics, and most early European woodcuts (1400-40) These were printed by putting the paper or fabric on a table or other flat surface with the block on top, and pressing or hammering the back of the block.

Young monks printing Buddhist scriptures using the rubbing technique, Sera Monastery, Tibet
Rubbing
Apparently the most common for Far Eastern printing on paper at all times. Used for European woodcuts and block-books later in the fifteenth century, and very widely for cloth. The block goes face up on a table, with the paper or fabric on top. The back is rubbed with a "hard pad, a flat piece of wood, a burnisher, or a leather frotton".[2]
Printing in a press
Presses only seem to have been used in Asia in relatively recent times. Simple weighted presses may have been used in Europe, but firm evidence is lacking. Later, printing-presses were used (from about 1480). A deceased Abbess of Mechelen in Flanders in 1465 had "unum instrumentum ad imprintendum scripturas et ymagines cum 14 aliis lapideis printis" ("an instrument for printing texts and pictures with 14 stones for printing") which is probably too early to be a Gutenberg-type printing press in that location.[2]
In addition, jia xie is a method for dyeing textiles (usually silk) using wood blocks invented in the 5th-6th centuries in China. An upper and a lower block is made, with carved out compartments opening to the back, fitted with plugs. The cloth, usually folded a number of times, is inserted and clamped between the two blocks. By unplugging the different compartments and filling them with dyes of different colours, a multi-coloured pattern can be printed over quite a large area of folded cloth. The method is not strictly printing however, as the pattern is not caused by pressure against the block.[3]
Development of block printing

Yuan Dynasty woodblock edition of a Chinese play
The use of round "cylinder seals" for rolling an impress onto clay tablets goes back to early Mesopotamian civilization before 3,000 BC, where they are the commonest...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about plush farm animal, pine christmas wreath, . The nylon,NYLON GLOVES,PE&TERRY,BATH FOAM SPONGES ,ANIMAL TERRY&RAMIE products should be show more here!

Induction sealing

I want to introduct something about .
Induction sealing, otherwise known as cap sealing, is a non-contact method of heating a metallic disk to hermetically seal the top of plastic and glass containers. This sealing process takes place after the container has been filled and capped.

A Hand Held induction sealer
Contents
1 How it works
2 Reasons that induction sealing may be useful
2.1 Tamper evidence
2.2 Leak prevention/protection
2.3 Freshness
2.4 Pilferage protection
2.5 Sustainability
2.6 How to select the right sealer
2.7 Induction Sealer Metering Devices
2.8 Benefits of induction vs. conduction sealing
3 Variety of products that use induction sealing
4 History
5 External links
//
How it works

Automatic Waterless Induction Sealer

An induction sealer with a conveyor
The closure is supplied to the bottler with foil liner already inserted. Although there are various liners to choose from, a typical induction liner is multi-layered. The top layer is a paper pulp that is generally spot-glued to the cap. The next layer is wax that is used to bond the foil to the pulp. The bottom layer is a polymer film laminated to the foil. After the cap or closure is applied, the container passes under an induction coil, which emits an oscillating electromagnetic field. As the container passes under the induction coil (sealing head) the conductive aluminum foil liner begins to heat. The heat melts the wax, which is absorbed into the pulp backing and releases the foil from the cap. The polymer film also heats and flows onto the lip of the container. When cooled, the polymer creates a bond with the container resulting in a hermetically sealed product. Neither the container nor its contents are affected, and this all happens in a matter of seconds.
It is possible to overheat the foil causing damage to the seal layer and to any protective barriers. This could result in faulty seals, even weeks after the initial sealing process, so proper sizing of the induction sealing is vital to determine the exact system necessary to run a particular product.
Sealing can be done with either a hand held unit or on a conveyor system.
A more recent development (which suits a small number of applications better) allows for induction sealing to be used to apply a foil seal to a container without the need for a closure. In this case, foil is supplied pre-cut or in a reel. Where supplied in a reel, it is die cut and transferred onto the container neck. When the foil is in place, it is pressed down by the seal head, the induction cycle is activated and the seal is bonded to the container. This process is known as direct application or sometimes "capless" induction sealing.
Reasons that induction sealing may be useful

An induction sealed bottle
There are a variety of reasons companies choose to use induction sealing:
Tamper evidence
Leak prevention
Retain Freshness
Pilferage protection
Sustainability
Production Speed
Tamper evidence
With the FDA regulations concerning tamper-resistant packaging, pharmaceutical packagers must find ways to comply as outlined in Sec. 450.500 Tamper-Resistant Packaging Requirements for Certain over-the-counter (OTC) Human Drug Products (CPG 7132a.17).
Induction sealing systems meet or exceed these government regulations. As stated in section 6 of Packaging Systems:
6. CONTAINER MOUTH INNER SEALS. Paper, thermal plastic, plastic film, foil, or a combination thereof, is sealed to the mouth of a container (e.g., bottle) under the cap. The seal must be torn or broken to open the container and remove the product. The seal cannot be removed and reapplied without leaving visible evidence of entry. Seals applied by heat induction to plastic containers appear to offer a higher degree of tamper-resistance than those that depend on an adhesive to create the bond
Leak prevention/protection
Some shipping companies require liquid chemical products to be sealed prior to shipping to prevent hazardous chemicals from spilling on other shipments.
Freshness
Induction sealing keeps unwanted pollutants from seeping into food products, and may assist in extending shelf life of certain products.
Pilferage protection
Induction-sealed containers help prevent the product from being broken into by leaving a noticeable residue from the liner itself. Pharmaceutical companies purchase liners that will purposely leave liner film/foil residue on bottles. Food companies that use induction seals do not want the liner residue as it could potentially interfere with the product itself upon dispensing. They, in turn, put a notice on the product that it has been induction-sealed for their protection; letting the consumer know there was a liner on the plastic bottle prior to...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about car suit hanger, led display signs, . The products should be show more here!

Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter

I want to introduct something about free to air satellite receiver(pansat). 1) Power supply: a) Input voltage: AC 90 - 250V b) Type: SMPS (Switching Power) 2) Multi-functions: a) EPG (Electronic Program Guide) b) 10 Languages (OSG and Menu): English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, Turkish, Arabic, Parsi c) Nagra CA embedded d) PAL/NTSC conversion 3) Excellent performance: a) 2MB flash ROM for fast channel changing and satellite search b) Auto scan satellite search c) Universal remote d) S-Video output e) Dolby digital output f) Easy-to-use user interface g) 4000 channel programmable h) Main processor STi5518 i) Flash-ROM: 2MB SDRAM: 8MB EEPROM: 32KB j) MPEG transport stream A/V decoding 4) Friendly user interface: a) 3-keys channel Up/Down b) Standby 4-digit 7-SEG channel No. or time display 2-LED standby c) Remote 5) Software upgrade: upgrading through RS-232C (Rec. to Rec., PC to Rec) free to air satellite receiver(pansat) mo
(Redirected from UART)
"DUART" redirects here. For the castle on the Island of Mull, see Duart Castle.
A universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (usually abbreviated UART and pronounced /?ju??rt/) is a type of "asynchronous receiver/transmitter", a piece of computer hardware that translates data between parallel and serial forms. UARTs are commonly used in conjunction with other communication standards such as EIA RS-232.
A UART is usually an individual (or part of an) integrated circuit used for serial communications over a computer or peripheral device serial port. UARTs are now commonly included in microcontrollers. A dual UART or DUART combines two UARTs into a single chip. Many modern ICs now come with a UART that can also communicate synchronously; these devices are called USARTs.
Contents
1 Definition
1.1 Transmitting and receiving serial data
1.2 Asynchronous receive and transmit
1.3 Serial to Parallel Algorithm
2 History
3 Structure
4 Special Receiver Conditions
4.1 Overrun Error
4.2 Underrun Error
4.3 Framing Error
4.4 Parity Error
4.5 Break Condition
5 Baudrate
6 See also
7 External links
//
Definition
Transmitting and receiving serial data
Serial transmission of digital information (bits) through a single wire or other medium is much more cost effective than parallel transmission through multiple wires. A UART is used to convert the transmitted information between its sequential and parallel form at each end of the link. Each UART contains a shift register which is the fundamental method of conversion between serial and parallel forms.
The UART usually does not directly generate or receive the external signals used between different items of equipment. Typically, separate interface devices are used to convert the logic level signals of the UART to and from the external signaling levels.
External signals may be of many different forms. Examples of standards for voltage signaling are RS-232, RS-422 and RS-485 from the EIA. Historically, the presence or absence of current (in current loops) was used in telegraph circuits. Some signaling schemes do not use electrical wires. Examples of such are optical fiber, IrDA (infrared), and (wireless) Bluetooth in its Serial Port Profile (SPP). Some signaling schemes use modulation of a carrier signal (with or without wires). Examples are modulation of audio signals with phone line modems, RF modulation with data radios, and the DC-LIN for power line communication.
Communication may be "full duplex" (both send and receive at the same time) or "half duplex" (devices take turns transmitting and receiving).
As of 2008, UARTs are commonly used with RS-232 for embedded systems communications. It is useful to communicate between microcontrollers and also with PCs. Many chips provide UART functionality in silicon, and low-cost chips exist to convert logic level signals (such as TTL voltages) to RS-232 level signals (for example, Maxim's MAX232).
Asynchronous receive and transmit
In asynchronous transmitting, teletype-style UARTs send a "start" bit, five to eight data bits, least-significant-bit first, an optional "parity" bit, and then one, one and a half, or two "stop" bits. The start bit is the opposite polarity of the data-line's idle state. The stop bit is the data-line's idle state, and provides a delay before the next character can start. (This is called asynchronous start-stop transmission). In mechanical teletypes, the "stop" bit was often stretched to two bit times to give the mechanism more time to finish printing a character. A stretched "stop" bit also helps resynchronization.
The parity bit can either make the number of "one" bits between any start/stop pair odd, or even, or it can be omitted. Odd parity is more reliable because it assures that there will always be at least one data transition, and this permits many UARTs to resynchronize.
In synchronous transmission, the clock data is recovered separately from the data stream and no start/stop bits are used. This improves the efficiency of transmission on suitable channels since more of the bits sent are usable data and not character framing. An asynchronous transmission sends no characters over the interconnection when the transmitting device has nothing to send -- only idle stop bits; but a synchronous interface must send "pad" characters to maintain synchronism between the receiver and transmitter. The usual filler is the ASCII "SYN" character. This may be done automatically by the transmitting device.
USART chips have both synchronous and asynchronous modes.
Serial to Parallel Algorithm
A data communication pulse can only be in one of two states but there are many names for the two states. When on, circuit closed, low voltage, current flowing, or a logical zero,...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about GPS External Antenna, Dish Satellite Receiver, . The free to air satellite receiver(pansat) products should be show more here!

Southington, Connecticut

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"Southington" redirects here. For the township in Trumbull County, Ohio, see Southington Township, Ohio
Southington, Connecticut
Coordinates: 4136?18?N 7252?45?W? / ?41.605 72.87917? / 41.605; -72.87917
NECTA
Hartford
Region
Central Connecticut
Incorporated
1779
Consolidated
1947
Government
-Type
Council-manager
-Town manager
John Weichsel
-Town council
John N. Barry, Chm.Anthony E. D'Angelo, Vice Chm.John E. CarmodyNicholas J. DePaolaChristopher C. PalmieriEdward S. Pocock IIIMichael A. RiccioArthur H. SecondoDavid Zoni
Area
-Total
36.6sqmi(94.8km2)
-Land
36.0sqmi(93.2km2)
- Water
0.6sqmi(1.6km2)
Elevation
154ft (47m)
Population (2005)
-Total
42,077
-Density
1,169/sqmi(451/km2)
Time zone
Eastern (UTC-5)
-Summer(DST)
Eastern (UTC-4)
ZIP code
06479, 06489, 06467, 06444
Area code(s)
860
FIPS code
09-70550
GNIS feature ID
0213508
Website
http://www.southington.org/
Southington is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. It is part of Connecticut's 1st congressional district. It is situated about 20 miles southwest of Hartford, about 80 miles northeast of New York City and about 105 miles southwest of Boston. Southington includes the areas of Plantsville, Marion and Milldale, all of which have their own post offices and distinct architecture. The town rests in a valley of two mountains on its east and west sides. The town is located along exits 28 through 32 of Interstate 84, exit 4 of Interstate 691, and bisected by Route 10. Southington has the nick name of The Apple Valley, due to the many orchards that still dot its landscape. The Quinnipiac River flows through the town. It is home to Mount Southington Ski Area and ESPN which straddles the Bristol/Southington town lines. Southington is also known for its high school sports teams the Southington Blue Knights, the Briarwood College, and a branch of the Branford Hall Career Institute.
Southington was named for best quality of life for a town its size in Hartford County.
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
3 Demographics
4 Revitalization
5 Schools
6 Parks & Recreation
7 Notable Residents
8 Pictures
9 References
10 External links
//
History

Southington town center
Although Southington was formally established as a town in 1779, its roots go back to a much earlier time. Samuel Woodruff, Southington's first white settler, moved from Farmington to the area then known as Panthorne that was settled in 1698. The settlement grew, prospered, and came to be known as South Farmington and then later, the shortened version, Southington.
The town most important early visitor was General George Washington, who passed through the town in 1770 on his way to Wethersfield.
The Marion section of Southington is one of the most historic places in the town. It is the site of an encampment by the great French general, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau and his troops during the Revolutionary War. In June 1781, the french troops under Rochambeau's command left Farmington and marched 13 miles to their eighth camp through Connecticut, near Asa Barnes's Tavern in the Marion section of Southington. They camped there for four days. Rochambeau and his officers took shelter in the tavern, and the troops set up camp on a hill on the other side of the road. The area of the encampment has since become known as French Hill, and a marker on the east side of Marion Avenue commemorates the French campsite. According to Rev. Timlow's Sketches of Southington (1875), "Landlord Barnes gave a ball at his tavern, at which a large number of the young women of the vicinity were present; and they esteemed it something of an honor to have had a 'cotillion' with the polite foreigner." The celebrations-infused with spirits provided by Landlord Barnes-spanned the four nights they were in Southington . Rochambeau revisited Barnes's Tavern again on the return march on October 27, 1782. According to Timlow's, coins, buttons and other things have been picked up in the vicinity many years after the two encampments. The Barnes Tavern is now a private residence very near the camp site at 1089 Marion Avenue.
Settlers from Southington formed a township in the mid 1800 in Ohio near the city of Warren and named it Southington. Today, it has fewer than 2,000 residents.
Southington originally was a small rural farming community. In the early 1900s, Southington developed as a manufacturing center, but still maintained a very small population of a few thousand residents. Some of the products invented there include the first cement that was able to harden under water, the...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about tatoo washing machine, gyro cutting machine, . The CPVC/UPVC/PVC Pipe Production Line products should be show more here!

Diesel generator

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It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Engine-generator . (Discuss)

A diesel generator of 500kVA in a tourist resort in Egypt.
A diesel generator is the combination of a diesel engine with an electrical generator (often called an alternator) to generate electric energy. Diesel generating sets are used in places without connection to the power grid or as emergency power-supply if the grid fails. Small portable diesel generators range from about 1kVA to 10kVA may be used as power supplies on construction sites, or as auxiliary power for vehicles such as mobile homes.
Contents
1 Diesel generator set
2 Power plants - electrical "Island" mode
3 Supporting main utility grids
3.1 Peak Shaving
3.2 Grid support
3.3 Typical operating costs
3.4 Typical costs of conversion to paralleling for grid operation
4 Generator Sizing and Ratings
4.1 Rating
4.2 Sizing
5 Correct Generator Installation
6 Diesel engine damage due to mis-application or mis use of generating set
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
//
Diesel generator set
The packaged combination of a diesel engine, a generator and various ancillary devices such as base, canopy, sound attenuation, control systems, circuit breakers, jacket water heaters, starting systems etc, is referred to as a generating set or a gen set for short.
While the larger industrial generators can range from 8kVA - 30kVA for homes, small shops & offices up to 2000kVA used for large office complexes, factories. A 2000 kVA set can be housed in a 40ft ISO container and be fully packaged and portable. Sizes up to about 5 MW are used for small power stations and these may use from one to 20 units. In these larger sizes the engine and generator are brought to site separately and assembled along with ancillary equipment
Diesel generators, sometimes as small as 250 kVa are widely used not only for emergency power, but also many have a secondary function of feeding power to utility grids either during peak periods, or periods when there is a shortage of large power generators.

Diesel generator on an oil tanker
Ships often also employ diesel generators, sometimes not only to provide auxiliary power for lights, fans, and winches, etc. but also for main propulsion. With electric propulsion the generators can be placed in a convenient position, to allow more cargo to be carried. Electric drives for ships were developed prior to WW I. Electric drives were specified in many warships built during WW II because manufacturing capacity for large reduction gears was in short supply, compared to capacity for manufacture of electrical equipment. [1] Such a diesel-electric arrangement is also used in some very large land vehicles.
Generating sets are selected based on the load they are intended to supply power for, taking into account the type of load, ie emergency or for continuous power, and the size of the load, and size of any motors to be started which is normally the critical parameter.
Power plants - electrical "Island" mode
One or more diesel generators operating without a connection to an electrical grid are operating in "island" mode. Several parallel generators provides the advantages of redundancy and better efficiency at part loads. An island power plant intended for primary power source of an isolated community will often have at least three diesel generators, any two of which are rated to carry the required load. Groups of up to 20 are not uncommon.
Generators can be electrically connected together through the process of synchronization. Synchronization involves matching voltage, frequency and phase before connecting the generator to a live bus-bar. Failure to synchronize before connection could cause a high current short-circuit or wear and tear on the generator and/or its switchgear. The synchronization process can be done automatically by an auto-synchronizer module. The auto-synchronizer will read the voltage, frequency and phase parameters from the generator and bus-bar voltages, while regulating the speed through the engine governor or ECU (Engine Control Module). Typical manufacturers are ComAp, GAC, Woodward and Heinzman who dominate this market
Load can be shared among parallel running generators through load sharing. Like auto-synchronization, load sharing can be automated by using a load sharing module. The load sharing module will measure the load and frequency at the generator, while it constantly adjusts the engine fuel control to shift load to and from the remaining power sources. As the prime mover of a diesel generator runs at constant speed, it will take more load when the fuel supply to its combustion system is increased, while load is released if fuel supply is decreased.
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56 kbit/s modem

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(Redirected from 56k modem)
56k modems are voiceband modems nominally capable of download speeds up to 56 kbit/s (56,000 bits per second). At the beginning of the 21st Century, most personal computers contained one, their use declining as broadband technologies such as DSL gain wider availability.
Contents
1 Speed
2 History
2.1 K56flex
2.2 X2
2.3 V.90
2.4 V.92
3 See also
4 References
5 Notes
6 External links
//
Speed
The 56 kbit/s speed is only possible when the system being dialed into has a digital connection to the telephone system, such as DS0 service. By the time 56k modems came into use, most of the telephone system beyond the local loop was already digital, so the new 56k protocols took advantage of this.
If both calling party and called party have an analog connection, the voiceband signal will be converted from analog to digital and then back to analog. Each conversion adds noise, and there will be too much noise from the second conversion for 56k to work. The modem's negotiation processes will fall back to the less demanding 33.6 kbit/s mode. Other local loop conditions, such a certain antiquated pair gain systems, may have similar results.
Effective throughput will vary, depending on framing protocols, noise, data compression, and other factors. See V.42 and Comparison of synchronous and asynchronous signalling article for more detail.
The upload speed is 33.6 kbit/s if an analog voiceband modem is used (V.90), or 48.0 kbit/s using a digital modem (V.92). Due to the design of public telecommunications networks, higher speed dialup modems are unlikely to ever appear. Due to crosstalk considerations, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States and Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) in Canada have placed a power output restriction on dialup modems, resulting in a maximum of 53.3 kbit/s. However, depending on the quality of the line conditions, the user may not be able to reach this maximum speed.
While faster communications such as DSL and Cable modems became widely available to urban consumers in the early 2000s, the dialup modem remains common, since high speed rural Internet connections are often scarce.
History
Initially there were two rival 56k modem systems. One was K56flex from Rockwell and Lucent. The other was X2 from US Robotics. In February 1998 the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) drafted a 56 kbit/s standard called V.90 which was carefully designed to allow both types of modem to be converted to it by a firmware upgrade. This was formally approved during September 1998.
K56flex
K56flex (a combination of Rockwell's K56Plus and Lucent's V.Flex2 proposals) was a proprietary modem chipset from Rockwell and Lucent that gave users the possibility of receiving data on ordinary phone lines at 56 kbit/s as opposed to the previous maximum of 33.6 kbit/s.
K56flex is a combination of two competitors' efforts at 56k technology. Lucent developed the K56 protocol, while Rockwell developed the 56flex protocol. This occasionally led to incompatibilities between Lucent and Rockwell chipsets as their implementation of K56flex differed.
X2
X2 was a 56 kbit/s modem protocol developed by U.S. Robotics. The protocol used V.34+ to upload at 33.6 kbit/s, and downloaded under PCM at 56 kbit/s. X2 was found to consistently have a lower top end speed, yet overall performance was faster than K56flex.[citation needed] The incompatibilities experienced between variant Lucent and Rockwell chipsets in K56flex were also avoided as there was only one X2 standard.
V.90
V.90 is an ITU-T recommendation for a modem, allowing 56 kbit/s PCM download and 33.6 kbit/s analog-modulated upload. It replaced two vendor standards (K56flex and X2) and was designed to allow modems from both prior standards to be flash upgraded to support it. It was developed between March 1998 and February 1999. It is also known as V.Last as it was anticipated to be the last standard for modems operating near the channel capacity of POTS lines to be developed. A follow-on standard, V.92, was developed later in 1999 to replace V.90.
V.92
V.92 is an ITU-T recommendation, titled Enhancements to Recommendation V.90, that establishes a modem standard allowing 48 kbit/s PCM upload, but at the expense of download rates. For example a 48 kbit/s upstream rate would reduce the downstream as low as 40 kbit/s, due to echo on the telephone line. To avoid this problem, V.92 modems offer the +PIG=1 command to turn off the digital upstream and instead use a 33.6 kbit/s analog connection, in order to maintain a high digital downstream of 50 kbit/s or higher. (See November and October 2000 update at http://modemsite.com/56k/v92s.asp )
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Alternate Air Ticket POS

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Alternative ways of purchasing air tickets and GDS Connectivity: That does not include Internet or personal TA contact
1. Mobile Booking: Booking of flight tickets and other facilities, for example reviewing flight schedules, comparing fares can be done using the mobile phone. Calling up the customer care of the airline or the travel agent is obvious, however we are discussing about the other means that does not involve talking to an agent.
a. SMS A short code can be sent to the TA provided code with specific parameters to receive the required information.
Example: Cleartrip provides a facility to send an SMS to 667744 with source, destination, date and month. The reply comes with list of flight codes, time of departure and price, all sorted by price in ascending order. This service is available to Cleartrip customers having Airtel, BPL, Hutch and Reliance connection.
b. Interactive voice response A specific number provided by the carrier can be called, and an Interactive Voice Response (IVR) would ask questions and guide the user through. The IVR can also take the payment details and process the payment. The e-ticket can be either sent as email or can be collected over the counter.
Example:
JetAirways uses the IVR system for payment at the call center. After the itinerary is created by the call centre agent, the customer can pay for his tickets via the IVR.This ensures that the payment details are secure. After the payment is successful, the e-ticket is automatically generated by the application and mailed to the customer
Shanghai SmartPay Jieyin has partnered with Lu Hai Kong travel agency in Hefei, Anhui Province, to jointly launch mobile and telephone based payment for airline electronic tickets. As part of the launch promotion, customers who buy airline e-ticket in Lu Hai Kong ticket agency and process payment via interactive voice response (IVR)
2. Smart Card A smart card (also known as chip card or integrated circuit card-ICC), is a pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits which can process information. It can receive input, process it using the ICC applications and delivers the output. The airline smart card enables to easily and quickly identify passengers, board a flight, obtain a ticket, and pay for other products and services. The smart card provides airlines the opportunity to make savings in distribution costs, provides better security against fraud, allows more of their passengers to use self-service facilities, and provides a better means of identification of their frequent travelers.
Examples: Air France has issued smart cards to frequent flyers on its routes from Paris Orly to Marseille and Toulouse. The card is a contact-less smart card using the Mifare radio frequency technology (similar to the Lufthansa card). Gemplus is the supplier of the cards. The card has been used as passenger identification, the ticket and boarding authority.
3. GDS developed Application GDS provides applications that the participating carrier can purchase and use to inform its passengers by means of alerts on their mobile phones. The alerts can be for flight delays, terminal/gate changes, flight cancellations, airport/airline alerts, city/country security alerts, as well as a trip reminder service. Alerts can be private or custom branded with contact information and can be sent via Voice, e-mail, fax or Short Messaging System (SMS). Customized alerts or marketing messages can be also created to get in touch with the passengers anywhere they may be; Patheo offers this same applications too. The alerts can be delivered to travelers via WML and HDML phones, Web-enabled PDAs and RIM Blackberry devices. Any device that receives e-mail or SMS (AOL, MSN, Yahoo, ICQ) can receive Alert Notifications.
Example: Sabre InformSM mobile service is a solution that provides the participating carriers passengers with access to their travel plans 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Mobile services for the customers can be enabled at minimal cost, time and effort. There is no hardware or software to purchase, no developers to train and no systems to maintain and operate. Convenient, efficient and easy to implement, Sabre InformSM helps foster long-term customer relationships and maintain a distinct competitive advantage.
4. Airline developed Application A software application can be installed on the phone that would provide access to a specific airline reservation system, book, pay and generate e-tickets via phone. This would require a JAVA enabled handset with GPRS connection.
Example: Jet Airways has launched a mobile airline-ticketing service called JetWallet. JetWallet allows to book, pay (via credit card) and generate e-tickets on the phone. E-Tickets are emailed to a user specified email addresses, and a copy of the details is sent via SMS. JetWallet also allows to change,cancel and refund e-tickets on the phone.There also an option...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about nail buffing blocks, circular din connector, . The Right Angle Tact Switch with Longer Terminal products should be show more here!

Underbone

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Modern underbones use plastic cover sets, allowing users to customize their bikes easily like this Modenas Kriss 2.
Underbones or Underbone Motorcycles are a class of small motorcycles based on a singular tube frame, the 'underbone' supporting the vehicle. Underbone cycles fall somewhere between scooters and motorcycles, and are called mopeds in Western countries when also fitted with pedals.
This underbone cycle is popular in East Asian and South East Asian countries for their low cost, handling performance, reliability and fuel efficiency. In Malaysia or Singapore this vehicle commonly known as Kapcai or Kapchai; while in Indonesia, it is called "motor bebek" (or "goose motorcycle" in English).
Contents
1 Design
1.1 History
1.2 The origin of the word "kapchai"
2 Underbone accessories
3 Underbone manufacturers
4 Underbone Culture
5 See also
6 References
//
Design

The origin of underbone design: the Honda Super Cub
Most underbones use carburetors for the fuel system, with the exception of Honda Wave 125i, Yamaha Spark 135i[1], and even the Japanese version of the Honda Super Cub (from 2007 onwards)[2], which use fuel injection. While most motorcycles have their fuel tanks positioned at the top front part, the fuel tanks in underbones are located below the seats. All modern underbones use capacitor discharge ignition for the ignition system.
Underbones carry engines ranging from 50cc to 125cc with the largest displacement being 150cc for bikes such as the Suzuki Raider 150.
Most modern underbone models are capable of reaching highway speeds (at least 110-120km/h) and are allowed to be used on expressways in Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand, where riders are more disciplined and rules are strictly enforced by the authorities. However, underbones are not allowed to be used on Indonesian tollways and Philippine tollways.
History
Underbones developed from early moped models introduced in the early 1950s, many of which were simply bicycles with motors attached. One of the first underbone-like motorcycles was the Honda Super Cub, and it was arguably the success of the Cub that brought about the modern underbone. However, it was later plastic-bodied, tube-frame mopeds like the Honda Wave that set the modern standards from which most, if not all, underbones were drawn from today.
The origin of the word "kapchai"
The word "kapcai" or "kapchai" is originally a slang derived from Cantonese and Hokkien, being a combination of the word "Cub" from the word Honda Cub and "?" in Chinese. In Cantonese and Hokkien "?" (pronounced "jai", or in pinyin "zai") means "little" (or its derivatives, e.g. "small", "mini", etc.). Therefore,"Kapcai" literally means a "Little Cub". Honda is a popular brand in Malaysia and as a result of this, all underbone motorbikes were called "kapchai".
Underbone accessories

Yamaha Nouvo's helmet compartment, also used as a storage compartment.
Most underbone motorcycles sold in Southeast Asia come with a standard steel basket, allowing riders to carry goods. For more storage capacity, riders can also purchase an optional removable storage compartment (also known as the top box), which comes with free installation of the bracket to the frame to attach the storage compartment.
Some underbone models such as the Honda Wave, Modenas X-cite and the Yamaha Nouvo come with additional storage compartment under the seat for more storage capacity.
Underbone manufacturers
Basically, the market for underbone motorcycles are mostly dominated by Japanese manufacturers. However, Chinese and Taiwanese manufacturers also produce their underbone models, but most models are copied directly from the existing models by Japanese manufacturers, which some considered as copyright violation issue. Some of the mostly copied models include Honda Cub, Honda Wave series and Yamaha Lagenda series.
MZ Motorrad of Germany currently produces underbone models not in Germany but rather in Malaysia by their main share holder, Hong Leong Group which is also the sole distributor of Yamaha motorcycle in Malaysia and Singapore.
The major underbone manufacturers are as follows:-
China: Zongshen, Lifan
Malaysian: Modenas, Momos Motor (rebadge of Cagiva), Naza Bikers rebadge of Zongshen and other China brand.
German: MZ Motorrad
India: TVS Motors (underbone versions are only available in Indonesia)
Italy: Cagiva, Piaggio
Japanese: Honda, Yamaha, Suzuki, Kawasaki
Taiwan Kymco, SYM Motors
Thailand: Tiger Motorcycle
Underbone Culture
In South East Asia, underbones are very popular. There is a healthy demand for aftermarket and tuner parts. Many enthusiasts modify their underbones either for show (such as installing small sound systems, neon lights and custom...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about Graphic Design Portfolio, usb drive;usb disc, . The products should be show more here!

Gas Light

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Vincent Price on Broadway as Mr. Manningham in Angel Street, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1942
Gas Light (known in the USA as Angel Street) is a 1938 play by the British dramatist Patrick Hamilton.
Contents
1 Synopsis
2 Critical reception
3 Film adaptations
4 External links
//
Synopsis
The play is set in fog-bound London in 1880 at the lower middle class home of Jack Manningham and his wife Bella. It is late afternoon, a time which Hamilton notes as being the time "before the feeble dawn of gaslight and tea".
At the opening of the drama Bella is clearly on edge, and the stern reproaches from her overbearing husband (who flirts with the servants) makes matters worse. What most perturbs Bella is Manningham's unexplained disappearances from the house: he will not tell her where he is going, and this increases her anxiety. As the drama unfolds, it becomes clear that Manningham is intent on convincing Bella that she is going mad, even to the point of assuring her she is 'imagining' the gas light in the house is dipping.
The appearance of a police detective called Rough soon leads Bella to realise that far from going mad, she is married to a psychopath. Rough explains that the apartment above was once occupied by one Alice Barlow, a wealthy woman who was murdered for her jewels but that the murderer never uncovered them.
It transpires that Manningham goes to the flat each night, searching for the jewels and causing the light in the house below to go down. Rough convinces Bella to assist him in exposing Manningham as the murderer, which she does, but not before she takes revenge on Manningham by pretending to help him escape. At the last minute she reminds him that, having gone 'mad', she is not accountable for her actions. The play closes with Mannigham being led away by the police.
Critical reception
Gas Light was an immense hit on its release, and it remains one of the longest-running non-musicals in Broadway history.[1] It remains a perennial favourite with both repertory and amateur theatre companies.
Film adaptations
The play has been filmed twice under the title Gaslight:
Gaslight (1940 film)
Gaslight (1944 film)
External links
Angel Street at Internet Broadway Database
^ https://www.philadelphiaweekly.com/articles/3737/a-e--stage
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