Wednesday, April 8, 2009

Fantozzi (film)

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Fantozzi
Directed by
Luciano Salce
Written by
Paolo Villaggio
Starring
Paolo VillaggioLi BosisioGigi RederAnna Mazzamauro
Music by
Fabio Frizzi
Release date(s)
1975
Running time
100 min.
Language
Italian
IMDb
Fantozzi is a 1975 cult Italian comedy movie. It is the first film in the saga of the unlucky Italian clerk Ugo Fantozzi, played by it's creator, Paolo Villaggio.
Plot
The plot summary in this article is too long or detailed compared to the rest of the content. Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot. (February 2008)
The movie starts with Pina, Ugo Fantozzi's wife, calling the Italpetrolcemetermotessilfarmometalchimica industry (where his husband works at) asking to look if her husband is still there, since she hasn't had any news about him since 18 days. They'll find out that for some reasons, Fantozzi got stuck inside the closed walls of the industry's old bathrooms.
In the first episode, Fantozzi has a new plan to reach his office on time. He sets his alarm clock at 7:51 and tries to do everything in just a couple of seconds, so that he can get the bus at 8:00 and get in the office at 8:30. 5 seconds to wake up, 3 seconds to drink very very hot coffee and other things. But he'll end up not being in time to get on the bus so he'll decide to get on the bus by jumping from the balcony. He'll make it, but he'll end up making all the passenger which are already on the bus fall out. He'll finally reach his office (on an ambulance) in time, but he'll faint before reaching the stamping machine.
In the second episode, Fantozzi goes at the funeral of the mega-president of the industry (dead at age 126) After the funeral, Fantozzi asks to Miss Silvani if she would like to go out and get a drink with him. She accepts but she'll end up causing troubles to him, by insulting some rude drivers who were next to them. They'll beat up Fantozzi, since they think it's immoral to punch a woman. He'll end up having his car destroyed.
In third episode, Fantozzi plays in the football match organized by Filini, but the match will end up being cancelled due to rain.
In fourth episode, Fantozzi and Filini go out for a trip at the lake. First, they'll get in trouble by filling with water an important guy's car. Then, they'll get injuried by fixing the tent and then they'll get lost by sailing on a bad little boat.
In fifth episode, all the company employees' children children have to go to the director's office and tell a poem they made up. Fantozzi's daughter, despite creating a very original poem, will get insulted and made fun of, cause of her terrible, awful look.
Sixth episode. It's New Year's Eve, and Fantozzi goes to a New Year's Eve party with his colleagues. Everything is a disaster: the waiter throws every plate over Fantozzi's dress, he falls through a window during the dance and the band leader rigs the clock (he has to go to another party) and runs away at half past ten. At midnight, someone throws a heavy cuisine over Fantozzi's car, destroying it.
External links
Fantozzi (film) at the Internet Movie Database

v?d?eFantozzi - Paolo Villaggio
Fantozzi Il secondo tragico Fantozzi Fantozzi contro tutti Fantozzi subisce ancora Superfantozzi Fantozzi va in pensione Fantozzi alla riscossa Fantozzi in paradiso Fantozzi - Il ritorno Fantozzi 2000 - La clonazione

v?d?eCinema of Italy
Actors Directors Animation Cinematographers Composers Editors Producers Screenwriters
Films A-Z Films by year: 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Categories: Fantozzi | Italian films | 1975 films | Comedy films | Italian-language films | Films directed by Luciano Salce
Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from February 2008(and so on)

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A sagger with satin boxer shorts.
Sagging is the practice of wearing pants or shorts below the waist so as to reveal some or all of the wearer's underwear.[1]
Origin
Sagging is commonly reported in the media as having originated from the prohibition of belts for prisoners. Belts were banned because they could be used to commit suicide by hanging oneself, to strangle others, or as a weapon in fights.[2][3] In the early 1990s, hip-hop artists popularized the style.[2][4] There is a popular conception that sagging was originally a form of flagging to indicate homosexuality, but this appears to be unfounded.
Controversy
In June 2007, the Town Council of Delcambre, Louisiana passed an indecent exposure ordinance, which prohibited intentionally wearing one's pants in such a way as to show underwear.[5]
In March 2008, the Hahira, Georgia City Council passed a controversial clothing ordinance, in the name of public safety, that bans citizens from wearing pants that are below the waist and reveal skin or undergarments. The council was split 22, but the tie was broken by the mayor.[6]
Benetta Standly, statewide organizer for the American Civil Liberties Union of Georgia stated, "In Atlanta, we see this as racial profiling... It's going to target African-American male youths. There's a fear with people associating the way you dress with crimes being committed."[7]
Sagging clothing is a violation of some school dress codes.[8][9][10]
The interim police chief of Flint, Michigan ordered the arrest of saggers for disorderly conduct; however, as of July 2008, only warnings had been issued. The local chapter of the ACLU has threatened legal action in response, saying that sagging does not violate the Flint disorderly conduct ordinance, .[11]
Notes
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sagging
^ "In pictures: Sagging pants". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/07/in_pictures_sagging_pants/html/2.stm.
^ a b Koppel, Niko (August 30, 2007). "Are Your Jeans Sagging? Go Directly to Jail". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/30/fashion/30baggy.html.
^ Mikkelson, Barbara (October 15, 2005). "Sag Harbored". Snopes.com. http://www.snopes.com/risque/homosex/sagging.asp.
^ "Gang Identification". Connecticut Gang Investigators Association. http://www.ctgia.org/ganginfo/frganis.html. Retrieved on November 21, 2008.
^ Siddique, Haroon (June 14, 2007). "US town bans saggy pants". The Guardian (Guardian Media Group). http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,,2103190,00.html. Retrieved on June 15, 2007.
^ Fulton, Malynda (March 6, 2008). "Hahira passes clothing ordinance". Valdosta Daily Times (Associated Press). http://www.valdostadailytimes.com/local/local_story_066233535.html. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ "Crackdown! - Cities begin to belt wearers of saggy pants but do laws violate rights?". Associated Press. September 17, 2007. http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/20817735/. Retrieved on November 10, 2008.
^ Board Approves Dress Code Changes, Fresno Unified School District, 1993, retrieved 2008-11-23
^ Central Unified School District Dress Code, Central Unified School District, retrieved 2008-11-23
^ Anderson Union High School District Dress Code Guidelines, Anderson Union High School District, 2008-08-20, retrieved 2008-11-23
^ Bennett, Jessica; Mary Chapman (18 July 2008). "Fashion Police: Flint Cracks Down on Sagging". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/146803?GT1=43002. Retrieved on November 10, 2008.
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Rope

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Coils of rope used for long-line fishing
A rope is a length of fibers, twisted or braided together to improve strength for pulling and connecting. It has tensile strength but is too flexible to provide compressive strength (i.e. it can be used for pulling, but not pushing). Rope is thicker and stronger than similarly constructed cord, line, string, or twine.
Contents
1 Construction
2 Usage
3 History
4 Styles of rope construction
4.1 Laid or twisted rope
4.2 Braided rope
4.3 Other types
5 Handling rope
6 Line
7 See also
8 References
9 Sources
10 External links
//
Construction
Common materials for rope include natural fibers such as manila hemp, hemp, linen, cotton, coir, jute, and sisal.
Synthetic fibers in use for rope-making include polypropylene, nylon, polyesters (e.g. PET, LCP, HPE, Vectran), polyethylene (e.g. Spectra), Aramids (e.g. Twaron, Technora and Kevlar) and polyaramids (eg Dralon, Tiptolon). Some ropes are constructed of mixtures of several fibres or use co-polymer fibres. Rope can also be made out of metal. Ropes have been constructed of other fibrous materials such as silk, wool, and hair, but such ropes are not generally available. Rayon is a regenerated fiber used to make decorative rope.
Usage
Rope is of paramount importance in fields as diverse as construction, seafaring, exploration, sports and communications and has been since prehistoric times. In order to fasten rope, a large number of knots have been invented for various uses. Pulleys are used to redirect the pulling force to another direction, and may be used to create mechanical advantage, allowing multiple strands of rope to share a load and multiply the force applied to the end. Winches and capstans are machines designed to pull ropes.
Climbing Ropes: Climbing ropes have a "kernmantle" construction consisting of a braided core, which supplies most of the rope's strength. The core is covered by a woven sheath. Kernmantle ropes are durable and easy to knot. More importantly, they are dynamic. They stretch. When falling, say 50 feet, the rope will stretch five to seven feet (average) to gradually absorb the impact. By applying the brakes this way, a climbing rope catches the climber gently, lessening the force on the climber as well as his/her gear. "Static" ropes used caving and sport rappelling hardly stretch at fall. Fall on one of these and the jolt it delivers could break the climber's gears or even the climber him/herself. The UIAA (Union Internationale des Association d'Alpinisme) in concert with the CE sets climbing-rope standards and oversees testing. Any rope bearing a UIAA or CE certification tag is fine for climbing. Despite the hundreds of thousands of falls climbers suffer every year, there is not a single recorded instance of a climbing rope breaking in a fall. Not one. Climbing ropes, however, do cut frightfully easily when they are weighted. Keeping them away from sharp rock edges and old worn carabiners is imperative. Ropes come with either a designation for Single, or Double(Twin) use. A single rope is the most common and it is intended to be used by itself, as a single strand. Single rope range in thickness from roughly 9mm to 11mm. Smaller ropes are lighter, but wear out faster. Double ropes are thinner ropes, usually 9mm and under, and are intended to be used as a pair. These ropes offer a greater margin or security against cutting, since odds are both ropes will not cut, but complicate belaying and leading. Double ropes are usually reserved for ice and mixed climbing, where there is need for two ropes to rappel.
History

Ancient Egyptians were the first to document tools for ropemaking
The use of ropes for hunting, pulling, fastening, attaching, carrying, lifting, and climbing dates back to prehistoric times and has always been essential to mankind's technological progress. It is likely that the earliest "ropes" were naturally occurring lengths of plant fiber, such as vines, followed soon by the first attempts at twisting and braiding these strands together to form the first proper ropes in the modern sense of the word. Fossilised fragments of "probably two-ply laid rope of about 7 mm diameter" were found in Lascaux cave, dating to approximately 17,000 BP.[1]
The ancient Egyptians were probably the first civilization to develop special tools to make rope. Egyptian rope dates back to 4000 to 3500 B.C. and was generally made of water reed fibers. Other rope in antiquity was made from the fibers of date palms, flax, grass, papyrus, leather, or animal hair. The use of such ropes pulled by thousands of workers allowed the Egyptians to move the heavy stones required to build their monuments. Starting from approximately 2800 B.C., rope made of hemp fibers was in use in China. Rope and the craft of rope making spread...(and so on)

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A clinical mercury thermometer
The thermometer is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient using a variety of different principles; it comes from the Greek roots thermo, heat, and meter, to measure. A thermometer has two important elements: the temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb on a mercury thermometer) in which some physical change occurs with temperature, plus some means of converting this physical change into a value (e.g. the scale on a mercury thermometer). Industrial thermometers commonly use electronic means to provide a digital display or input to a computer.
Thermometers can be divided into two groups according to the level of knowledge about the physical basis of the underlying thermodynamic laws and quantities. For primary thermometers the measured property of matter is known so well that temperature can be calculated without any unknown quantities. Examples of these are thermometers based on the equation of state of a gas, on the velocity of sound in a gas, on the thermal noise (see Johnson鏈測quist noise) voltage or current of an electrical resistor, and on the angular anisotropy of gamma ray emission of certain radioactive nuclei in a magnetic field.
Secondary thermometers are most widely used because of their convenience. Also, they are often much more sensitive than primary ones. For secondary thermometers knowledge of the measured property is not sufficient to allow direct calculation of temperature. They have to be calibrated against a primary thermometer at least at one temperature or at a number of fixed temperatures. Such fixed points, for example, triple points and superconducting transitions, occur reproducibly at the same temperature.
Internationally agreed temperature scales are based on fixed points and interpolating thermometers. The most recent official temperature scale is the International Temperature Scale of 1990. It extends from 0.65K (?272.5鐧�; ?458.5鐧�) to approximately 1,358K (1,085鐧�; 1,985鐧�).
Contents
1 Early history
2 Types of thermometers
3 Calibration
4 Special uses of thermometers
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
//
Early history

Galileo thermometer
Various authors have credited the invention of the thermometer to Avicenna, Cornelius Drebbel, Robert Fludd, Galileo Galilei or Santorio Santorio. The thermometer was not a single invention, however, but a development.
Philo and Hero of Alexandria knew of the principle that certain substances, notably air, expand and contract and described a demonstration in which a closed tube partially filled with air had its end in a container of water.[1] The expansion and contraction of the air caused the position of the water/air interface to move along the tube.
Such a mechanism was later used to show the hotness and coldness of the air with a tube in which the water level is controlled by the expansion and contraction of the air. These devices were developed by Avicenna in the early 11th century,[2][3] and by several European scientists in the 16th and 17th centuries, notably Galileo Galilei. As a result, devices were shown to produce this effect reliably, and the term thermoscope (Galileo thermometer) was adopted because it reflected the changes in sensible heat (the concept of temperature was yet to arise). The difference between a thermoscope and a thermometer is that the latter has a scale.[4] Though Avicenna or Galileo are often said to be the inventor of the thermometer, what they produced were thermoscopes.
Galileo also discovered that objects (glass spheres filled with aqueous alcohol) of slightly different densities would rise and fall, which is nowadays the principle of the Galileo thermometer (shown). Today such thermometers are calibrated to a temperature scale.
The first clear diagram of a thermoscope was published in 1617 by Giuseppe Biancani: the first showing a scale and thus constituting a thermometer was by Robert Fludd in 1638. This was a vertical tube, with a bulb at the top and the end immersed in water. The water level in the tube is controlled by the expansion and contraction of the air, so it is what we would now call an air thermometer.[5]
The first person to put a scale on a thermoscope is variously said to be Francesco Sagredo[6] or Santorio Santorio[7] in about 1611 to 1613.
The word thermometer (in its French form) first appeared in 1624 in La R闁弐闁峵ion Math闁檃tique by J. Leurechon, who describes one with a scale of 8 degrees.[8]
The above instruments suffered from the disadvantage that they were also barometers, i.e. sensitive to air pressure. In about 1654 Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, made sealed tubes part filled with alcohol, with a bulb and stem, the first modern-style thermometer, depending on the expansion of a liquid, and...(and so on)

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It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Nintendo DS homebrew. (Discuss)
Main article: Nintendo DS homebrew
Nintendo DS storage devices are some of the devices used to store a licensed developer's work-in-progress images, homebrew video games, or downloaded commercial games, since the Nintendo DS is not sold with a rewritable storage medium. (Licensed developers can use the blue Intelligent Systems Nitro Emulator box to flash cards.) There are two main classes of storage devices: older devices that fit in SLOT-2 (the Game Boy Advance Game Pak slot) and newer devices that fit in SLOT-1 (the DS Game Card slot). SLOT-2, or 1st generation, devices have historically been cheaper due to economies of scale inherited from their use with Game Boy Advance homebrew but require a booting tool in SLOT-1 in order to use the touch screen and other DS features. Devices that only use SLOT-1, or 2nd generation, do not work with GBA homebrew, but as of 2007[update], they are becoming easier to use and less expensive, rivaling many SLOT-2 devices in price which may have been cheaper.
First generation devices include GBA flash cartridges, GBAMP CF, SuperCard and M3. Second generation devices include R4 Revolution, CycloDS, G6 Real, and DS-X. The storage device either contains flash memory or a slot for a memory card to store homebrew. Storage devices with a memory card slot usually have a larger storage capacity than flash memory devices. Although flash memory capacity is usually measured in megabits (Mbit), memory card capacity is usually measured in megabytes (MB). (8 Mbit = 1 MB)
Different brands of storage device differ in their support for homebrew, support for DS and Game Boy Advance ROMs, special features, such as playing media files, physical size and cost. Strictly speaking, a storage device is not necessary for DS with FlashMe installed because homebrew can be sent to the DS using WMB. However, this is not a very portable method because the DS needs to be within range of a suitable Wi-Fi card.
Contents
1 First generation
1.1 GBA flash cartridges
1.2 GBA Movie Player
1.3 SuperCard and M3 Perfect
1.4 Max Media Player
2 Second generation
2.1 Action-Replay-DS-Media-Edition
2.2 Acekard 2
2.2.1 Acekard 2i
2.3 Acekard R.P.G
2.4 CycloDS Evolution
2.5 Datel Games n' Music
2.6 DS Link
2.7 DS-Xtreme
2.8 DSTT
2.9 EZFlash V
2.10 G6DS Real
2.11 I-Cheat xtra
2.12 M3DS Real And Itouch Ds
2.13 N-Card (NAND Card)
2.14 NinjaPass
2.15 YushenDS Card, R4DS, M3 DS Simply, and their clones
2.16 SuperCard DS ONE
3 References
4 Official websites
//
First generation
GBA flash cartridges
Main article: Game Boy Advance flash cartridge
The first method of storing homebrew applications were flash Cartridges designed for the Game Boy Advance system. These were ideal for finding exploits since they are a 32 MiB block of rewritable flash memory directly accessible by both CPUs of the Nintendo DS. Many people who used a lot of GBA homebrew use these for DS homebrew as well, however their limited storage space, variety and price makes them non-ideal for new users. Since there were many types of flash cartridge, each with its own method for writing to the flash ROM, most homebrew programs only supported saving to the included 64 KiB of SRAM intended for game saves. With the creation of DLDI, this is no longer a problem, and any program from 2007 or later works with any flashcard. This method of storage does not work with the Nintendo DSi, as it does not have a GBA slot.
GBA Movie Player
The GBA Movie Player, often called GBAMP, is a CompactFlash adapter for the Game Boy Advance which supports playing music, movies and NES and Game Boy games (under 200kb) (as well as very small Game Boy Advance games. Under 256kb) from the CF card as well as reading text files. Although its standard features are sub-par, its low price and simple design made it ideal for DS homebrew. A hacked firmware is available which adds the ability to run DS homebrew while keeping the GBA features. This is the most widely supported homebrew device; nearly every homebrew which writes to the storage medium supports it.
Users should note that there are three versions of the GBAMP; a large pass-through device (version 1), a small white and red cartridge (version 2), and a slightly smaller SD version (version 2 SD). The device that has the most support is the 2nd version.
SuperCard and M3 Perfect
SuperCard and M3 Perfect are two devices similar to GBA Movie Player but with more features. M3 is made by the makers of GBAMP. Both contain a CompactFlash, Secure Digital, miniSD, or Transflash slot as well as 32 MB of built-in RAM. They offer all of the GBAMP's features, plus the abilities to...(and so on)

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1830s in fashion

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(Redirected from 1830s and 1840s in fashion)

In the 1830s, men wore dark coats, light trousers, and dark cravats for daywear. Women's sleeves reached their ultimate width in the gigot sleeve. Here, the boys (on holiday in the mountains) wear buff-colored belted knee-length tunics with yokes and full sleeves over trousers. The girls wear white dresses with colored aprons. The Family of Dr. Josef August Eltz, Austria, 1835.
1830s fashion in European and European-influenced clothing is characterized by an emphasis on breadth, initially at the shoulder and later in the hips, in contrast to the narrower silhouettes that had predominated between 1800 and the 1820s.
Women's costume featured larger sleeves than were worn in any period before or since, which were accompanied by elaborate hairstyles and large hats.
Contents
1 Women's fashions
1.1 Overview
1.2 Gowns
1.3 Hairstyles and Headgear
1.4 Underwear
1.5 Outerwear
1.6 Style gallery 1830-1835
1.7 Style gallery 1835-1839
1.8 Caricature gallery
2 Men's fashion
2.1 Overview
2.2 Shirts and cravats
2.3 Coats and waistcoats
2.4 Trousers
2.5 Outerwear
2.6 Hats and hairstyles
2.7 Style gallery
3 Children's fashion
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
//
Women's fashions

1833 Fashion Plate: evening dress (left) and two day dresses. The lady on the right wears a fichu-pelerine.

Brocade satin dress from Gazette des Salons

This portrait shows the pleated panels of fabric that trim the gown around the bust and shoulders, and the method of gathering fullness in the large sleeves. 1832.
Overview
In the 1830s, fashionable women's clothing styles had distinctive large "leg of mutton" or "gigot" sleeves, above large full conical skirts, ideally with a narrow, low waist between (achieved through corseting). The bulkiness of women's garments both above and below the waist was intended to make the waist look smaller than it was this was the final repudiation of any last lingering aesthetic influences of the Empire silhouette of ca. 1795-1825. Heavy stiff fabrics such as brocades came back into style, and many 18th-century gowns were brought down from attics and cut up into new garments. The combination of sloping shoulders and sleeves which were very large over most of the arm (but narrowing to a small cuff at the wrist) is quite distinctive to the day dresses of the 1830s.
Pelerines, or lace coverings draped over the shoulders, were popular (one of several devices, along with full upper-arm sleeves and wide necklines, to emphasize the shoulders and their width).
The ca. 1835 fashion plate (right) shows both male and female styles (note that it may not be obvious on first glance that the woman has a small waist, because of her large sleeves).
Gowns
The fashionable feminine figure, with its sloping shoulders, rounded bust, narrow waist and full hips, was emphasized in various ways with the cut and trim of gowns. To about 1835, the small waist was accentuated with a wide belt (a fashion continuing from the 1820s). Later the waist and midriff were unbelted but cut close to the body, and the bodice began to taper to a small point at the front waist. The fashionable corset now had gores to individually cup the breasts, and the bodice was styled to emphasize this shape.
Evening dresses had very wide necklines and short, puffed sleeves reaching to the elbow from a dropped shoulder, and were worn with mid-length gloves. The width at the shoulder was often emphasized by gathered or pleated panels of fabric arranged horizontally over the bust and around the shoulders.
Day dresses generally had high necklines, and shoulder width was emphasized with pelerines or wide collars that rested on the gigot sleeves. Summer afternoon dresses might have wide, low necklines similar to evening dresses, but with long sleeves. Skirts were pleated into the waistband of the bodice, and held out with starched petticoats of linen or cotton.
Around 1835, the fashionable skirt-length for middle- and upper-class women's clothes dropped from ankle-length to floor-length.
Hairstyles and Headgear

Jane Digby wears her hair in corkscrew curls on the sides and the back of her hair is braided and pinned to her head, 1831.
Early 1830s hair was parted in the center and dressed in elaborate curls, loops and knots extending out to both sides and up from the crown of the head. Braids were fashionable, and were likewise looped over either ear and gathered into a topknot.
Bonnets with wide semicircular brims framed the face for street wear, and were heavily decorated with trim, ribbons, and feathers.
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Ed Reardon's Week

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Ed Reardon's Week is a sitcom on BBC Radio 4. It concerns the story of a curmudgeonly 50-something writer described in the show's publicity material as an "author, pipesmoker, consummate fare-dodger and master of the abusive email". The names of two central characters, Ed Reardon (played by Christopher Douglas) and Jaz Milvane (played by Philip Jackson), are references to the characters Edwin Reardon and Jasper Milvain, who appear in George Gissing's 1891 novel New Grub Street, which is set in the hack-literary London of the late nineteenth century, although Edward was revealed to be his given name in the second episode of the third series and Milvain is referred to as Jaz Milvane.
The central conceits of the comedy are that Ed lives in genteel poverty with his cat, Elgar, scraping a living as a hack by working through commissions for coffee table books such as The Brands Hatch Story and Pet Peeves, a book of celebrity pet anecdotes. Much of this work comes through his agent Felix (John Fortune) and Felix's assistant Ping (Sally Hawkins, played by Barunka O'Shaughnessy in the second and fifth series), an archetypal Sloane Ranger who rejects his amorous advances.
The story uses much reference to the the location of Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire , where Ed lives.
The series is written by Chris Douglas and Andrew Nickolds, and produced by Simon Nicholls and Dawn Ellis (fourth and fifth series).
Contents
1 Ed's literary background
1.1 Ed's Books
1.2 Ed's Radio
1.3 Ed's Stage
2 Ed's family
3 Ed's current life
4 Humour
5 Writers
6 Awards
7 Episode list
7.1 Series 1
7.2 Series 2
7.3 Series 3
7.4 Series 4
7.5 Series 5
8 Cast list
9 External links
//
Ed's literary background
Ed considers himself a serious writer but the evidence is lacking. His one and only novel, Who Would Fardels Bear?, was published in the 1970s, and was "converted" into a film (Sister Mom) by Ed's friend, Jaz Milvane (played by Philip Jackson). Since the plot was relocated from Oldham to California and the lead role was taken by Sally Field, the movie's faithfulness to the novel is in some degree of doubt. Milvane is a successful British Hollywood film director in the mould of Tony Scott or Adrian Lyne. Ed's only other screen credit is a 1982 episode of the BBC wartime drama, Tenko ("Escape from the Bamboo Noose") and, based on the evidence provided in the drama so far, this may well be his only other non-coffee-table-book project. During his early career, Ed also wrote various stage plays, all of which seem to have been both unfortunately timed and titled, bearing striking (yet apparently accidental) resemblances to works by Willy Russell and Mike Leigh.
Ed's Books
Who Would Fardels Bear?
Jane Seymour's Household Hints
The Brands Hatch Story
Pet Peeves (publisher: Sow's Ear)
Nigel Mansell's Love Poetry
Pet Peeves 2
Postal Panoply (publisher: Septred Isle [sic])
Ed's Radio
The Amazing True Story Of The South Tring Bubble
The South Tring Bubble (Reworking of the above for Hemel Sound)
Ed's Stage
Educating Peter
Stanley Valentine
Blood Sisters
Alastair's Party
Ed's family
Ed has a son and a daughter, Jake and Eli, who make occasional appearances. An insight into Ed as a father is given in "The Operations", where Jake complains: "that's all we ever got from you... a sarcastic one-liner followed by a 'now leave me alone to sink into drunken stupor of self-loathing."
Ed's father, Sidney, made an appearance in the episode "Dad". Appearing just as bad-tempered and impatient as Ed, Sidney demonstrated more understanding of popular culture by being familiar with the children's television programme Dick and Dom in da Bungalow. He emigrated to Australia for tax reasons with a new partner, following Ed's failed attempt to secure his inheritance.
Ed's current life
Ed teaches a screenwriting class, held weekly at the local sports centre. This adult education group spends a lot of time giving him advice and making comments about his general lack of achievement, between complaints about being forced to watch his Tenko episode endlessly. Ed also plays in a Dixieland jazz band with his more successful friends, his instrument of choice being the jug. In the first episode Jaz sits in with them on trumpet, making Ed's contribution seem anaemic by comparison.
Ed has lived in a one-bedroom flat with his cat Elgar in Berkhamsted, in the borough of Dacorum, Herfordshire, ever since he sold his London home after a messy divorce. This is described as "living at the cutting edge, or to be more accurate, "above The Cutting Edge", as he has a flat over a hairdressing salon of this name."
Ed was seen heading into surgery for coronary bypass (necessitated...(and so on)

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Tuesday, April 7, 2009

Tivoli Audio

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Tivoli Audio PAL
Tivoli Audio is an American electronics company, mainly making radios and other sound reproduction equipment. The company was started by Tom DeVesto. Tivoli Audio emphasizes a simple and functional design without redundant switches, knobs or lights. Henry Kloss designed several versions, including the PAL. Many types, including the Model One and Model Two, incorporate visual elements similar to Kloss' legendary KLH Model Eight table radio; most prominent is the vernier rotary tuning dial, which allows the user to carefully dial in a station without requiring excessively-steady hands.
Models
Tivoli Audio Model One, monaural radio
Tivoli Audio PAL, portable version of Model One
Tivoli Audio Model Two, stereophonic radio, expandable with a subwoofer
Tivoli Audio Model Three, monaural clock radio, expandable with a subwoofer and an extra speaker for stereo
Tivoli Audio Model DAB, monaural DAB clock radio, expandable with a subwoofer and an extra speaker for stereo
Tivoli Audio Model CD, Compact Disc player
This technology article about a corporation or company is a stub. You can help by expanding it.
This United States corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Categories: Audio equipment manufacturers | Technological company stubs | United States company stubs(and so on)

Radio Cassette Player / Recorder

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Category:Trees

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Drive-in theater

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A Drive-in with a 100ft wide inflatable movie screen (AIRSCREEN) in the center of Brussels/Belgium

A Bullitt Ford Mustang replica at the Capri Drive In Theater in Coldwater, Michigan, during a showing of Bullitt at their 40th anniversary in 2004.

Bass Hill Drive-In Cinema, Sydney, Australia
File:Sky Vue.jpg
The Sky-Vue drive-in, est. 1948, in Lamesa, Texas.
A drive-in theater is a form of cinema structure consisting of a large outdoor screen, a projection booth, a concession stand and a large parking area for automobiles. The screen can be as simple as a wall that is painted white, or it can be a complex steel truss structure with a complex finish. Within this enclosed area, customers can view movies from the privacy and comfort of their cars. Some drive-in theater managers added children's playgrounds between the screen and the first row of cars. Others even went as far as adding miniature railroads, merry-go-rounds, and miniature golf courses. Concrete patios for lawn chairs were available at some drive-in theaters, as well as indoor seating for the concession stand.
Originally, a movie's sound was provided by speakers on the screen and later by an individual speaker hung from the window of each car, which would be attached by a wire. This system was superseded by the more economical and less damage-prone method of broadcasting the soundtrack at a low output power on AM or FM Radio to be picked up by a car radio. This method also allows the soundtrack to be picked up in stereo by the audience on an often high fidelity stereo installed in the car instead of monaural through a simple speaker.
Contents
1 History
2 Peak
3 Decline
4 Revival
5 Concession stand
6 Drive-ins in films and paintings
7 Popular names of drive-in theaters
8 Drive-in theater songs
9 Songs mentioning drive-in theaters
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
//
History
The drive-in theater was the creation of Camden, New Jersey, chemical company magnate Richard M. Hollingshead, Jr., whose family owned and operated the R.M. Hollingshead Corporation chemical plant in Camden. In 1932, Hollingshead conducted outdoor theater tests in his driveway at 212 Thomas Avenue in Riverton. After nailing a screen to trees in his backyard, he set a 1928 Kodak projector on the hood of his car and put a radio behind the screen, testing different sound levels with his car windows down and up. Blocks under vehicles in the driveway enabled him to determine the size and spacing of ramps so all automobiles could have a clear view of the screen. Following these experiments, he applied August 6, 1932 for a patent of his invention, and he was given U.S. Patent 1,909,537 on May 16, 1933. That patent was declared invalid 17 years later by the Delaware District Court.
Hollingshead's drive-in opened in New Jersey June 6, 1933 on Admiral Wilson Boulevard at the Airport Circle in Pennsauken, a short distance from Cooper River Park.[1] He advertised his drive-in theater by saying, "The whole family is welcome, regardless of how noisy the children are".[2] It only operated for three years, but during that time the concept caught on in other states. The April 15. 1934, opening of Shankweiler's Auto Park in Orefield, Pennsylvania, was followed by Galveston's Drive-In Short Reel Theater (July 5, 1934), the Pico in Los Angeles (September 9, 1934) and the Weymouth Drive-In Theatre in Weymouth, Massachusetts (May 6, 1936). In 1937, three more opened in Ohio, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, with another 12 during 1938 and 1939 in California, Florida, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, Texas and Virginia. Michigan's first drive-in was the Eastside, which opened May 26, 1938 in Harper Woods near Detroit.
One of the reasons that drive-ins were so popular with families is that it allowed the entire family to go to the movies and not have to hire a babysitter or worry that their children would disrupt the entire audience. This became a modern pastime; now the entire family for a per-person cost, the same as a sit down theater, could come and enjoy a movie in the privacy of their own vehicles, children and all. Before the war, there had been approximately 100 major drive-ins nationwide; the drive-in craze began to build very strongly following the end of the Second World War. Many GIs had traveled the country and seen the new and unusual things it had to offer. The drive-in was no exception. Enterprising businessmen realized that this segment of the population could be tapped and spend some of their earnings to enjoy themselves, a date, or an evening with the family.
Peak
The drive-in's peak popularity came in the late 1950s and early 1960s, particularly in rural areas, with some 4,000 drive-ins spreading across the United States. Among its advantages was the...(and so on)

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Stretch wrap

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Stretch wrap or stretch film is a highly stretchable plastic film that is wrapped around items. The elastic recovery keeps the items tightly bound. In contrast, shrink wrap is applied loosely around an item and shrinks tightly with heat.
It is frequently used to unitize pallet loads but also may be used for bundling smaller items.
Contents
1 Materials
2 Functions
3 Application
4 See also
5 Further reading
//
Materials
The most common stretch wrap material is linear low-density polyethylene or LLDPE, which is produced by copolymerization of ethylene with alpha-olefins, the most common of which are butene, hexene and octene. The use of higher alpha-olefins (hexene or octene) gives rise to enhanced stretch film characteristics, particularly in respect of elongation at break and puncture resistance. Other types of polyethylene and PVC can also be used. Many films have about 500% stretch at break but are only stretched to about 100 300% in use. Once stretched, the elastic recovery is used to keep the load tight.
Other properties such as break strength, cling, clarity, tear resistance, puncture resistance, static discharge, etc. are also important.
Functions

Forklift truck loading stretch wrapped pallet load.
In pallet unitizing, stretch wrap can have several functions:
improved stability of products or packages, forming a unit load
more efficient handling and storage of unit loads
some degree of dust and moisture protection
some degree of tamper resistance and resistance to package pilferage
Application
Stretch wrap can be applied manually with small rolls (perhaps 5 inch wide) of film. Dispensers are also available for larger rolls (perhaps 12 15 inch wide).
Machinery is available to automate the operation. This controls the amount of material used, controls the stretch, and controls the application pattern.
It is important not to apply too much tension or too many layers: the stress can damage the vertical edges of the boxes and significantly reduce stacking strength.
See also
packaging and labeling
shrink wrap
pallet
plastic recycling
Slip Sheet
Further reading
ASTM International D4649 Guide for Selection and Use of Stretch Wrap Films
Brody, A. L., and Marsh, K, S., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 1997, ISBN 0-471-06397-5
M.Hindreth, "Maximizing your Stretch Film Operation", 2006, ISTA, Pre Shipment Testing, [1]
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Deicing

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An American Airlines MD-80 aircraft being de-iced at Syracuse Hancock International Airport
De-icing is the process of removing frozen contaminant, snow, ice, slush,from a surface.
Anti-icing is the process of protecting against the formation of frozen contaminant, snow, ice, slush on a surface.
De-icing can be accomplished by mechanical methods (scraping, pushing); through the application of heat; by use of chemicals, known as de-icing fluids, designed to lower the freezing point of water (various salts, alcohols, glycols); or by a combination of these different techniques. De-icing fluids are always applied heated and diluted.
Anti-icing is accomplished by applying a protective layer, using a viscous fluid called anti-ice fluid, over a surface to absorb the contaminate. All anti-ice fluids offer only limited protection, dependent upon frozen contaminant type and precipitation rate. A fluid has failed when it no longer can absorb the contaminant and it essentially becomes a contaminant itself. If it fails it must be washed from the surface using a de-icing fluid.
Contents
1 Aircraft
1.1 Infrared de-icing
2 Roads
3 References
4 See also
//
Aircraft
See also: ice protection system
When there are freezing conditions and precipitation, de-icing an aircraft is crucial. Frozen contaminants cause critical control surfaces to be rough and uneven disrupting smooth air flow and greatly degrading the ability of the wing to generate lift (force) and increasing drag. This situation can cause a crash. If large pieces of ice separate when the aircraft is in motion, they can be ingested in engines or hit propellers and cause catastrophic failure. Frozen contaminants can jam control surfaces, preventing them from moving properly. Because of this potentially severe consequence, de-icing is performed at airports where temperatures are likely to drop below the freezing point.
De-icing techniques are also employed to ensure that engine inlets and various sensors on the outside of the aircraft are clear of ice or snow.
De-icing on the ground is usually done by spraying aircraft with a de-icing fluid such as Propylene glycol, similar to ethylene glycol antifreeze used in some automobile engine coolants. Ethylene Glycol (EG) is still in use for aircraft de-icing in some parts of the world because it has a lower operational use temperature (LOUT) than PG and is more versatile in application, but Propylene Glycol (PG) is more common because it is classified as non-toxic, unlike Ethylene Glycol. Nevertheless, it still must be used with a containment system to capture the used liquid, so that it cannot seep into the ground and streams. Even though classified as non-toxic, it has negative effects in nature, as it uses oxygen during breakdown, causing life to suffocate. (In one case, a significant snow in Atlanta in early January 2002 caused an overflow of such a system, briefly contaminating the Flint River downstream of the Atlanta airport.) Many airports recycle used de-icing fluid, separating water and solid contaminants, enabling reuse of the fluid in other applications.
There are several formulations of de-icing fluid, falling into two basic categories: Heated glycol diluted with water for de-icing and snow/frost removal, also referred to as "Newtonian fluids", and unheated, undiluted glycol that has been thickened (imagine half-set gelatin), also referred to as "Non-Newtonian fluids", applied to retard the future development of ice or to prevent falling snow or sleet from accumulating. In some cases both types of fluid are applied, first the heated glycol/water mixture to remove contaminants, followed by the unheated thickened fluid to keep ice from reforming before the aircraft takes off. This is called "a two-step procedure".
Inflight ice buildups are most frequent on the leading edges of the wings, tail and engines (including the propellers or fan blades). Lower speed aircraft frequently use pneumatic boots on the leading edges of wings and tail for inflight de-icing. The rubber coverings are periodically inflated, causing ice to crack and flake off. Once the system is activated by the pilot, the inflation/deflation cycle is automatically controlled. In the past, it was thought such systems can be defeated if they are inflated prematurely; that the pilot must allow a fairly thick layer of ice to form before inflating the boots. Recent research shows 鎻祌idging does not occur with modern boots.[1]

B-17 bomber. The black strips on the leading edges of the tail, stabilizers and wing are de-icer boots made of rubber.
Some aircraft may also use electrically heated resistive elements embedded in a rubber sheet cemented to the leading edges of wings and tail surfaces, propeller leading edges, and helicopter rotor blade leading edges. Such systems usually operate continuously. When...(and so on)

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Dzi bead

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Dzi bead
Dzi bead with the two eyes design
Chinese:
??
HanyuPinyin:
tian1 zhu1
Literal meaning:
heaven pearl
Transliterations
Mandarin
- HanyuPinyin:
tian1 zhu1
Cantonese
- Jyutping:
tin1 zyu1
Dzi bead (pronounced "zee") is a bead stone of mysterious origin worn as part of a necklace and sometimes as a bracelet. In several Asian cultures, including that of Tibet, the bead is considered to provide positive spiritual benefit. These beads are generally prized as protective amulets and are sometimes ground up into a powder to be used in traditional Tibetan medicine. Beads subject to this process have small "dig marks" where a portion of the bead has been scraped or shaved away to be ground into the medicine.
Beads that are broken are believed to have a diluted benefit, because they have taken the brunt of the force that it is assumed would have otherwise impacted the wearer.
The most highly prized dzi beads are made of natural agate. Others were apparently manufactured in ancient times. There are also modern imitations made for decorative purposes.
Contents
1 Names
2 Design
3 Origin
4 Supply and demand
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
//
Names
The meaning of the word "dzi" translates to "shine, brightness, clearness, splendor". In Traditional Chinese, the bead is called "heaven's bead" or "heaven's pearl" (??).
Design
Dzi stones are made from agate, and may have decorated symbols composed of circles, ovals, square, waves (zig zags), stripes, lines, diamonds, circles, squares, waves, and stripes and various other natural archetypal symbolic patterns. Colors will mainly range from browns to blacks with the pattern usually being in ivory white. Dzi beads can appear in different colours, shapes and sizes.
The number of "eyes" on the stone is considered significant. "Eyes" are the circular dot or eye-like designs, and depending on their number and arrangement, they represent different things.
Sometimes the natural patterns (usually "layered" swirls) of the agate can be seen underneath or behind the decorated symbols and designs, and sometimes not. Some dzi beads sport what are referred to as "blood spots" which can be seen as red dots in the white areas, and these are indicative of cinnabar content. This is highly desirable, but more rare. Another desirable effect is something called "N?ga skin" or "dragon skin," which refers to the cracking patterns on the surface of the bead, that simulates scales.
The word "waxy" is often used to describe dzi bead surface, which is the smoothing which occurs over a long period of time (presumably from wear), giving the bead a waxy appearance. Some dzi beads are simply polished agate and sport only the agate's natural patterning as decoration.
There are beads referred to as "chung dzi" or simply "chung beads" which are often highly polished agate designs, can be any variety of colors, may include hand carved designs, or they look very similar to a dzi bead but because of their depictions (for example, the shape of Quan Yin) are not true dzi. Chung dzis include such designs as yin-yang symbols, dragons, and other "newer" designs that were not around during the time true dzi beads were supposedly created. Chung dzi are believed to embody similar properties as dzi but should not be confused with true dzi beads (they often cost much less than true dzi).
Origin
Dzi stones may have made their first appearance between 2000 BC to 1000 BC, in ancient Tibet: a few thousand were brought back by Tibetan soldiers from Persia. Dzis were crafted using agate as the base stone and then fabricated with lines and circles using unique ancient methods and techniques by Persian craftsmen. Scientific bead makers can now manufacture apparent dzi stones in bulk, but the techniques and methods used by ancient craftsmen still are not completely understood.[1]. Fear of the 鎻簐il eye was taken very seriously by these people, so they created talismans with 鎻簓es on them as a 鎻籭ght fire with fire form of protection.
While the origin surrounding dzi beads is quite uncertain, it is socially accepted today that they are called "Tibetan beads". They are found primarily in Tibet, but also in neighbouring Bhutan, Ladakh and Sikkim. Shepherds and farmers pick them up in the grasslands or while cultivating fields. Because dzi are found in the earth, Tibetans cannot conceive of them as man-made. One reason the beads may be found near the surface in places such as freshly tilled fields, for example, may be because ancient monks were burned in funeral pyres (wearing the beads), and long after the remains were gone, the beads therefore remained, and were found at later dates. Since knowledge of the bead is derived from oral traditions, the beads have provoked...(and so on)

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