Preservation of magnetic audiotape

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There are multiple types of magnetic media, however this article focuses on recommended best practices for handling, cleaning and storage of magnetic audiotapes in an archival repository, either in the form of open reels or enclosed cassettes. Although digitization of materials on fragile magnetic media in library and information science is a common practice, this article focuses on conserving the actual physical magnetic tape and playback equipment as artifacts, as there is still a need for this.
Contents
1 Basics
2 Handling
3 Cleaning
4 Storage
5 Digitization
6 References
7 See also
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Basics
Recordists began recording sound on magnetic media in the late forties in the form of magnetic wire and tape recordings. Wire provided higher quality sound; however, tape was sturdier, and thus became the magnetic medium of choice. The tape consists of a coating of iron oxide (Fe2O3) powder on a long strip of paper, acetate or polyester. Polyester is used in modern tapes; however, early tapes were made on paper, and then acetate bases, which were both prone to damage and chemically-unstable. Although the polyester tape is much more stable than the acidic paper tape or the volatile acetate tape, it is not perfect. In the late 1970s polyester tapes suffered a manufacturing defect which caused a problem known as 鎼抰icky-shed. The tape sticks together because of a breakdown in the polyurethane binder that holds the iron oxide atoms to the tape,[1] and must be baked at a very low temperature in order to be played. [2] This breakdown is caused by hydrolysis, where water molecules break the long polyester links found in the polyurethane base [3]. The tape becomes sticky and will not only bond to itself, but will also leave deposits on the tape head in the playback equipment, which will cause friction and eventually prohibit playback.
Handling
It is advised that open reels are handled by the center hub area or by the outer edges of the reel flanges, if necessary, and that the actual tape is not touched. If the outer flanges must be used, do not squeeze the edges of the reel flanges together, as it will damage the edges of the tape. If possible, handle by the center hub only. [4] Similarly, it is recommended that cassettes be handled by the existing outer plastic case and that fingers not be placed anywhere inside the cassette mechanism.[5]
If tapes are dropped during handling, the shock from the drop can rearrange the ferromagnetic particles, which will have an ill effect on the high frequencies in the recording concerned. [6]
Cleaning
Magnetic tape must be kept clean in order to prevent scratching and deterioration. Dust on the surface of tape traps moisture and will eventually precipitate hydrolysis. Also, dust deposits will cause friction between the tape and the tape heads on the playback equipment, which will scratch the oxide layer. The website for sound preservation hosted by the national Library of Canada classifies dirt in two classes: Foreign matter (fingerprints, dust) and alteration of the original state (chemical reactions caused due to grime and dirt deposited on the tape surface). [7] In any event, the tapes must be properly cleaned.
Recommended methods for removing dust on tapes include using a small vacuum with a hose or wipe with 3M Tape Cleaning Fabric. One must be very careful when using a vacuum if a hose attachment is available. If the motor of the vacuum is powerful enough, it can demagnetize the tape and the recording will be compromised. Many of the professional companies for tape restoration recommend professional help for proper care, naturally, as they want business. They are generally correct to recommend this, as it is a delicate process that requires training if one plans to undertake serious chemical or physical repair. Vidipax, a professional tape restoration company, recommends using Pellon fabric or cloth as the safest and most efficient way to clean tapes. They warn again using solvents at all costs unless the tapes have already been submerged in water or another solvent (in the case of a flood). They also remind tape-owners or collections managers that baking tapes to reverse hydrolysis is rarely a permanent fix and permanently alters the make-up of the tape. [8]
Storage
As is the case with any collection, proper storage is extremely important. The general environment, including temperature and relative humidity is key. The proper levels vary depending on how long the materials need to be stored. The Library of Congress [9] recommends that any tapes needing preservation for a minimum of 10 years should be stored between 65-70 degrees Fahrenheit at 45-50% relative humidity...(and so on)

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