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Coils of rope used for long-line fishing
A rope is a length of fibers, twisted or braided together to improve strength for pulling and connecting. It has tensile strength but is too flexible to provide compressive strength (i.e. it can be used for pulling, but not pushing). Rope is thicker and stronger than similarly constructed cord, line, string, or twine.
Contents
1 Construction
2 Usage
3 History
4 Styles of rope construction
4.1 Laid or twisted rope
4.2 Braided rope
4.3 Other types
5 Handling rope
6 Line
7 See also
8 References
9 Sources
10 External links
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Construction
Common materials for rope include natural fibers such as manila hemp, hemp, linen, cotton, coir, jute, and sisal.
Synthetic fibers in use for rope-making include polypropylene, nylon, polyesters (e.g. PET, LCP, HPE, Vectran), polyethylene (e.g. Spectra), Aramids (e.g. Twaron, Technora and Kevlar) and polyaramids (eg Dralon, Tiptolon). Some ropes are constructed of mixtures of several fibres or use co-polymer fibres. Rope can also be made out of metal. Ropes have been constructed of other fibrous materials such as silk, wool, and hair, but such ropes are not generally available. Rayon is a regenerated fiber used to make decorative rope.
Usage
Rope is of paramount importance in fields as diverse as construction, seafaring, exploration, sports and communications and has been since prehistoric times. In order to fasten rope, a large number of knots have been invented for various uses. Pulleys are used to redirect the pulling force to another direction, and may be used to create mechanical advantage, allowing multiple strands of rope to share a load and multiply the force applied to the end. Winches and capstans are machines designed to pull ropes.
Climbing Ropes: Climbing ropes have a "kernmantle" construction consisting of a braided core, which supplies most of the rope's strength. The core is covered by a woven sheath. Kernmantle ropes are durable and easy to knot. More importantly, they are dynamic. They stretch. When falling, say 50 feet, the rope will stretch five to seven feet (average) to gradually absorb the impact. By applying the brakes this way, a climbing rope catches the climber gently, lessening the force on the climber as well as his/her gear. "Static" ropes used caving and sport rappelling hardly stretch at fall. Fall on one of these and the jolt it delivers could break the climber's gears or even the climber him/herself. The UIAA (Union Internationale des Association d'Alpinisme) in concert with the CE sets climbing-rope standards and oversees testing. Any rope bearing a UIAA or CE certification tag is fine for climbing. Despite the hundreds of thousands of falls climbers suffer every year, there is not a single recorded instance of a climbing rope breaking in a fall. Not one. Climbing ropes, however, do cut frightfully easily when they are weighted. Keeping them away from sharp rock edges and old worn carabiners is imperative. Ropes come with either a designation for Single, or Double(Twin) use. A single rope is the most common and it is intended to be used by itself, as a single strand. Single rope range in thickness from roughly 9mm to 11mm. Smaller ropes are lighter, but wear out faster. Double ropes are thinner ropes, usually 9mm and under, and are intended to be used as a pair. These ropes offer a greater margin or security against cutting, since odds are both ropes will not cut, but complicate belaying and leading. Double ropes are usually reserved for ice and mixed climbing, where there is need for two ropes to rappel.
History
Ancient Egyptians were the first to document tools for ropemaking
The use of ropes for hunting, pulling, fastening, attaching, carrying, lifting, and climbing dates back to prehistoric times and has always been essential to mankind's technological progress. It is likely that the earliest "ropes" were naturally occurring lengths of plant fiber, such as vines, followed soon by the first attempts at twisting and braiding these strands together to form the first proper ropes in the modern sense of the word. Fossilised fragments of "probably two-ply laid rope of about 7 mm diameter" were found in Lascaux cave, dating to approximately 17,000 BP.[1]
The ancient Egyptians were probably the first civilization to develop special tools to make rope. Egyptian rope dates back to 4000 to 3500 B.C. and was generally made of water reed fibers. Other rope in antiquity was made from the fibers of date palms, flax, grass, papyrus, leather, or animal hair. The use of such ropes pulled by thousands of workers allowed the Egyptians to move the heavy stones required to build their monuments. Starting from approximately 2800 B.C., rope made of hemp fibers was in use in China. Rope and the craft of rope making spread...(and so on)
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