Wagonway

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A typical wagonway. The Little Eaton GangwayThis is a flangeway with flanges on the rails.
Wagonways are the horses, equipment, and tracks used for hauling wagons which preceded steam powered railways. There are two styles of waggonway and two spellings. "Wagonway" tends to relate to examples based on the smaller Shropshire model, and "waggonway" to examples based on the Newcastle area model, used for carrying coal. The terms 'tramway' and in someplaces 'dramway' are also found.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Iron rails
2.1 The first iron rails
2.2 Flangeways
2.3 Edgeway, edge rails
3 Steam power
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
//
Overview
The idea of using "tracked" roads is at least 2000 years old; quarries in Greece, Malta, and the Roman Empire used cut stone tracks to haul loads pulled by animals. Around 1550 German miners used wooden tubs known as "Hund" (German for dog) running on two wide boards for rails to move ore within mines. These hunts used a guide pin system for steering utilising the slot between the two board rails. In 1604 Huntingdon Beaumont completed a wagonway, (the Wollaton Wagonway) built to transport coal from the mines at Strelley to Wollaton just west of Nottingham, England. Wagonways have been proven to exist in Broseley, Shropshire from 1605, although it is widely believed that they were in evidence prior to this.[1]
Wagonways improved coal transport by allowing one horse to deliver between 10 to 13 tons of coal per run - an approximate fourfold increase. Wagonways were usually designed to carry the fully loaded wagons downhill to a canal or boat dock and then return the empty wagons back to the mine.
At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, the rails were made of wood; were a few inches wide; and were fastened down, end to end, on logs of wood, or "sleepers", placed crosswise at intervals of two or three feet. In time, it became a common practice to cover them with a thin flat sheathing or "plating" of iron, in order to add to their life and reduce friction. This caused more wear on the wooden rollers of the wagons, and, towards the middle of the 18th century, led to the introduction of iron wheels, the use of which is recorded on a wooden railway near Bath in 1734. But the iron sheathing was not strong enough to resist buckling under the passage of the loaded wagons, so rails made wholly of iron were invented.
Iron rails
The first iron rails
In 1767, the Coalbrookdale Iron Works began to cast iron rails. These were probably 6 foot (1829 mm) long, with four projecting ears or lugs (3 inches by 3.75 inches or 76 mm x 96 mm) to enable them to be fixed to the sleepers. The rails were 3.75 inches (96 mm) wide and 1.25 inches (32 mm) thick. Later descriptions also refer to rails 3 foot (915 mm) long and only 2 inches (51 mm) wide.[1]
Flangeways
A later system involved "L" shaped iron rails or plates, each 3 ft (915 mm) long and 4 in (102 mm) wide, having on the inner side an upright ledge or flange, 3 in (76 mm) high at the centre and tapering to a height of 2 in (51 mm) at the ends, for the purpose of keeping the flat wheels on the track. Subsequently, to increase the strength, a similar flange was added below the rail. Wooden sleepers continued to be used the rails being secured by spikes passing through the extremities but, circa 1793, stone blocks also began to be used, an innovation associated with the name of Benjamin Outram, who, however, was not the first to make it. This type of rail was known as the plate-rail, tramway-plate or way-plate, names which are preserved in the modern term "platelayer" applied to the men who lay and maintain the permanent way of a railway.
The wheels of a flangeway were plain, and could operate on ordinary roads.
Edgeway, edge rails

Cast iron fishbelly rail manufactured by Outram at the Butterley Company ironworks for the Cromford and High Peak Railway (1831).These are edgerails for wheels with flanges.

Lengths of fishbelly rail on stone support blocks.These are edgerails for wheels with flanges.
Another form of rail, the edge rail, was first used by William Jessop on a line which was opened as part of the Charnwood Forest Canal between Loughborough and Nanpantan in Leicestershire in 1789. This line was originally designed as a plateway on the Outram system, but objections were raised to rails with upstanding ledges or flanges being laid on the turnpike road, this difficulty was overcome by paving, or "causewaying", the road up to the level of the top of the flanges. In 1790 Jessop and his partner Outram began to manufacture edge-rails. Another example of the edge rail application was the Lake Lock Rail Road used primarily for coal transport. This was a public railway (charging a toll) and opened for traffic in 1798....(and so on)

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